Carrara, March 2011

Introduction to Small Water Turbine

A simple exampleA small water fall has Q = 2800l/min and a potential ΔH of 7m,

Then the potential energy could be :

From the above data we can also calculate the final water Speed = to 11.7 m/s and the minum area of the pipe 0,039 m2 (it is only a 22cm diameter pipe !)

Δ E = 2800 /1000 /60 *9,8 * 7 = 3,2 Kwh

How can I collect the water energy ?Water mill, water wheel

Low Power, not reliable old technology, poor efficiency ( <60%) , limited application

How can I collect the water energy ?

High and medium power, high-end technology, high efficiency, unlimited application

Water Turbine

Water Turbine

Generally we can divide the WT in 3 main groups

KAPLAN

PELTONFRANCIS

PELTON FRANCIS KAPLAN

Topology Direct Action CentripetalReaction

Axial Reaction

Flow Rate (m3/s) < 10 Up to 100 < 100

Geodedic H (m) 50<H<1000 10<H< 300 5<H< 50

Power (Kw) Up to 10000 200 - 10000 Up to 10000

Field of use for the different WT

Water Turbine

Classification : turbine Pelton, Francis, Kaplan

•The Francis and Kaplan turbines have a structure which varies according to ns

•By increasing ns the centripetal structure of the machine decreases •Moving from high flow rates Q and low falls H the structure of the machines becomes axial •Francis turbines cover a large range of use

Classification : Pelton turbines

The Pelton turbines :• Cover the low ns values

• It is a pure action turbine• It is suitable for high falls H and low flow rates Q

Classification : Francis turbine

The Francis turbine :•Covers medium values of ns

•It is a turbine with medium reaction degrees•It is suitable for medium fall H and medium flow rates Q

Classification : Kaplan turbine (with propeller)

The Kaplan turbine :• Covers the range of high ns values

• it is a turbine with high medium reaction degree • It is suitable for low falls H and high flow rates Q

Francis Turbine

•These turbines are widely used for drops up to around 500 m•The reaction degree and its axial-radial production varies with ns

Spiral

Impeller

Adjustable vanes

Francis Turbine

Francis Turbine: Impeller

It is a centripetal impellerThe number of blades varies from 8 to 20 By increasing the number of rotation it can be observed :•A reduction of the number blades•A reduction of radial value •Increase in the distance between the stator and the rotor

Kaplan Turbine

The reaction degree is rather high (R ~0.7)

The number of blades is between 3 to 7

The blades are generally adjustable

The blades of the impeller can be equipped for the regulation of the fitment (variable step, Kaplan)

Kaplan Turbine

Kaplan impeller with variable pitch vanes

Bulb Turbine

These are very frequent for drops under 10 mThe alternator is housed in a «bulb» completely immersed in waterIn such a machine the pipe diffuser is of main importance

Bulb Turbines are a subset of the Kaplan Turbines

The impeller is «in line» submersed

MAS SERIES

MAS SERIES

Delivers energy under ANY CONDITION without compromise

Works with any kind of water :

• industrial recycled water (cooling or process pipes)• waste water (depurators)• saline water (dissalator)• sands water (cleaning process, oil process)

Works in any water condition :• turbulence • From 10% to 150% of the nominal water flow• pressure variation (up to 10 bar)

MAS SERIES

So that they are suitable for :

•Rivers, torrents•Drain / Irrigation Channels•Collectors •Sea wave or Intermittent Flows •Water Tank Distribution

Working with a MINIMUM HEIGHT of 3m with any flow rate

MAS SERIES

Environmental friendly

• No lubrication or polluted material is used inside the machine

• Minimum of civil work to install any size of water turbine

• Absolutely silent operation

MAS SERIES

Are SUBMERSIBLE (IP 68) Made with materials resistant to abrasion and corrosion

• Easy to install, easy to remove• Easy to commissioning • They can be connected «in line» in any piping application• They can be use to reduce the pressure for any the city water

tank without problem of pollution.

MAS SERIES

Free of Maintenance

• Impeller and Feeder are resistant to corrosion and abrasion• There are no ball bearings• Generators and other electrical parts are waterproof and high

pressure sealed• MTBF > 100.000h (with clear water at rated power)

0%20%40%60%80%

100%

Efficency Vs Flow

l/min

l/min

MAS SERIES

High efficiency at all the flow rates

• > 30% of power at only 10% of flow

MAS SERIES

LARGE RANGE OF POWER AND COMBINATION

Power - and physical - Size From 1kW to 250 kW Unlimited Combination – Series/Parallel Booster

10 x (MAS-3) = 30 Kw

MAS SERIES

Example of Boost Application

MAS SERIES

Electric and Electronics Components

• PMM or Asynchronous Generators • Inverter Grid tied connection at low tension

with the most of the approvals: EN58432, VDE0126, DK5940

• Possibility to reverse the flux (pump mode) when cleaning the pipe is necessary

• Energy and other major data monitoring• Remote data and alarms transmission

MAS SERIES

Robust Design:

• Working Temperature : - 20 + 55°C • Max Pressure 10 bar • Works from Vertical to Horizontal Position• H max = 100 m• H min = 3 m• Flow Max = 8m3/s

MAS SERIES

Application Example: Depurator

Starting Point

Insertion point of the turbine

MAS SERIES Application Example: Carrione torrent

MAS SERIES