Post on 20-Aug-2015
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The Role of Technology in CCS-Schlumberger Carbon ServicesInstitute of the Americas – Buenos Aires Round Table
Carlos Calad S.VP Marketing Oilfield Services Latin America
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Facts
Emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) will increase the average global temperature by 1.1 to 6.4 ºC by the end of the 21st century, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
A global warming of more than 2 ºC increase in global average temperature will lead to serious consequences, and IPCC have therefore stated that global GHG emissions should be reduced by 50 to 80 percent by 2050.
CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas, and anthropogenic CO2 emissions are mainly a consequence of fossil fuels being the most important global energy sources.
Enhanced energy efficiency and increased renewable energy production will reduce CO2 emissions, but according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy efficiency and renewable energy do not have the potential to reduce global CO2 emissions as much as IPCC’s target, i.e. 50 to 80 percent by 2050.
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Domination of Fosil Fuels
Source: IEA reference scenario
• Demand rises by 13.6 mb/d between 2006 and 2015 compared to 11 mb/d between 2001 and 2010
• Assuming no change in modeled rate, 23.9 mb/d will be lost to decline between 2006 and 2015
• Planned OPEC and non –OPEC additions total 25 mb/d over the same period – 12.5 mb/d need to be found.
• These figures are very sensitive to future declines rates
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Global Oil Resources
Already produced
OPEC ME
Other conventional
oil
EOR
Heavy oil Bitumen
Oil shales
Available oil in billion barrels
01020304050607080
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 60000
Econ
omic
price
2005
, US$
Deep water
Super deep
Arctic
Source: IEA 2005
Cumulative demand at 2030
Cumulative demand at 2050
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The Challenge
IEA 2003 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion Emissions MTCO2/yr %
Public electricity & heat production 8236 35%Other energy industries 1228 5%Manufacturing & construction 5257 22%Transport 5656 24%Other sectors 3307 14%2003 emissions 23684CO2 emission growth rate = 1.8%/yr2030 emissionsIncreases come fromPower generation 6400 43%Transport 3300 23%Industry 2100 15%
38000 160%
Global CO2 Emissions
Source: IEA
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CO2 Capture and Storage System in a Nutshell
Fuels
Processes
Storage options
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Global Storage Capacity Estimates
• Plants = 600 GTCO2 ; Soil = 1,600 GTCO2• Underground Storage Capacity approximately 11,000GTCO2
• USA=3900GT• Russia=2100GT • Canada=1300GT• Australia=700GT• Middle East=460GT• Africa=430GT• China=390GT• India=380GT• South America=310GT• Western Europe=260GT• Japan/Korea=2GT
• Maximum demand < than 2200GT within 100 years• 8100 large point sources (>100,000 tons/yr) worldwide
Source: IPCC
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Carbon Capture and Storage Cost Chain
CO2 export terminal and pipeline transportation or shipment
Power & Industrial processes with CO2capture and conditioning
Injection for Geological storage in producing or depleted oil and gas fields & aquifers
Cost
$30 – 50 /t $1 - 5/t* $2 - 10/t*= $ 33 – 65/t **
Monitoring:$0.1-1/t
** Variability is key* Cost principally distance dependant ($2M per Mile)
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Storage Fundamentals
CO2
?
Post injectionSaline Formation
Caprock
• Capacity: (match to source & estimate plume shape)• bulk volume (seismic) X porosity (logs) X “storage factor”
• Injectivity (how many wells)• permeability from core, log & well test
• Containment (caprock integrity, fractures, wellbore integrity, faults)
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Operational Monitoring• CO2 injection control• Cap rock integrity
Verification Monitoring• CO2 location and tracking• Cap rock integrity• Well Integrity
Environment Monitoring• Aquifers• Surface• Atmosphere
Westbay
Storage Program Lifecycle
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CO2 Technology All Seismic ServicesWellbore Integrity EvaluationDrilling & CompletionCementing Logging, Testing & SamplingLab AnalysisData ProcessingModeling & Plume PredictionData ManagementOperational MonitoringVerification MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring
What Capabilities are Needed?
People + Technology
&
People
Geology Geophysics
Reservoir Engineer Drilling Engineer
Petrophysics Completion Engineer
Geomechanics Geochemistry
Hydrogeology Economics
HSE Injection
Project Management
People
Geology Geophysics
Reservoir Engineer Drilling Engineer
Petrophysics Completion Engineer
Geomechanics Geochemistry
Hydrogeology Economics
HSE Injection
Project Management
Tools for Team Integration – Petrel Shared Earth ModelFocused Organization
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ContainmentCapacityInjectivity
Geomechanics• Fault Stability• Sustainable fluid pressure
Well integrity• Zonal isolation
Hydrodynamics• Formation water flow systems
• 3D Cellular Geological Model• Pore Volume• Connectivity
• Reservoir quality• Geometry• Connectivity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
ModelingModeling
ContainmentCapacityInjectivity
Geomechanics• Fault Stability• Sustainable fluid pressure
Well integrity• Zonal isolation
Hydrodynamics• Formation water flow systems
• 3D Cellular Geological Model• Pore Volume• Connectivity
• Reservoir quality• Geometry• Connectivity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
ModelingModeling
ContainmentCapacityInjectivity
Geomechanics• Fault Stability• Sustainable fluid pressure
Well integrity• Zonal isolation
Hydrodynamics• Formation water flow systems
• 3D Cellular Geological Model• Pore Volume• Connectivity
• Reservoir quality• Geometry• Connectivity
ContainmentCapacityInjectivity
Geomechanics• Fault Stability• Sustainable fluid pressure
Well integrity• Zonal isolation
Hydrodynamics• Formation water flow systems
• 3D Cellular Geological Model• Pore Volume• Connectivity
• Reservoir quality• Geometry• Connectivity
ContainmentCapacityInjectivity
Geomechanics• Fault Stability• Sustainable fluid pressure
Well integrity• Zonal isolation
Hydrodynamics• Formation water flow systems
Geomechanics• Fault Stability• Sustainable fluid pressure
Well integrity• Zonal isolation
Hydrodynamics• Formation water flow systems
• 3D Cellular Geological Model• Pore Volume• Connectivity
• 3D Cellular Geological Model• Pore Volume• Connectivity
• Reservoir quality• Geometry• Connectivity
• Reservoir quality• Geometry• Connectivity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
ModelingModeling
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
Data Collection & QC–Geophysics / Geology
–Petrophysics / Mineralogy–Geomechanics–Fluid Properties
–Well Integrity
ModelingModeling
Site Characterization
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Modeling a CO2 StorageSurface imaging MappingEM survey interpretationData input
Information managementGIS database
Log interpretationWell correlationSurface identificationSurface/subsurface interaction
Uncertainty analysisUpscaling processesReservoir and Aquifer property population
CalibrationHistory matchPost processingPresentation
Data analysisFacies modellingFault modellingFracture modellingHydrodynamic test analysis
3D flow simulationGeochemistryGeomechanics
Eclipse
3D Geological model3D Property model of the Reservoir and the Overburden
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Seismic for CharacterizationConventional 3-D Seismic Hi-Resolution Q Seismic
Resolution
Data Quality
FormationCharacteristics
8-40 Hz 6-80 Hz
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Cross-Well
4D Seismic
RST Log
gCO2 Location & Tracking
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Schlumberger Participation in CO2 Sequestration
Field Demonstration Activity
Internal CO2 Research
CO2ReMoVe (EU)DYNAMIS (EU)MovEcbm (EU)CO2SINK (EU)CO2CRC (Australia)DOE RPP (US)
NACCSA (US)Stanford GCEP (US)MIT CSI (US)GCCC (US)CoalSeq (US)Weyburn II (Canada)
Consortiums
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Current locations of geological storage
Saline formation
1,6001772004United StatesFrio
EGR8,000,000100 2004NetherlandsK12B
Saline formation
20,000,0003,0001996NorwaySleipner
Gas field17,000,0003,000 - 4,0002004AlgeriaIn Salah
EOR20,000,0003,000 - 5,0002000CanadaWeyburn
Reservoir type
Total plannedstorage (tCO2)
Daily injection(tCO2/day)
Injection startCountryProject name
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CO2 is pulled from the production
stream and reinjected into a
saline aquifer
Large-scale CO2 sequestration Example
Sleipner North Sea Project (Statoil)
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200 m thick27% porosityhigh permeabilitybetween 15-36 oC – within critical rangeminimum depth 800-1200 m below mudline
Currently monitoring CO2migration with seismic
Sleipner North Sea Project
Utsira Formation: Miocene Saline Reservoir
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Conclusions
• CCS presents the only existing technology that can complement renewable and efficiency gains to achieve 50% emissions reduction by 2050.
• The Skills and Technologies needed for successful CCS can be easily exported from the E&P Industry
• Barriers to CCS projects are mainly regulatory and public awareness; • Technological advances are needed to reduce costs of capture.
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• QHSE management• Performance & risk management• Site screening & selection • Detailed site characterization• Site design• Site construction• Site operations• Measurement, Monitoring & Verification (MMV)
Trusted End to End CO2 Storage
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