Post on 13-Dec-2015
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
A general term for diseases of the heart and/or blood __________
_____% of all deaths annually 2,600 American deaths each day Average of 1 death every 33
seconds
Atherosclerosis (a type of CVD)
The progressive narrowing and hardening of an artery due to build up of plaque.
Pathological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth 2,876 subjects aged 15-34 100% had intimal lesions in aorta Subjects aged 15-19: 60% had
coronary artery lesions Subjects aged 30-34: 70% of
females and 80+% of males had coronary artery lesions
JAMA 281:727, 1999
Pathological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in YouthKey Conclusions:1. Atherosclerosis begins in youth2. Fatty streaks & clinically raised lesions
increased rapidly in prevalence and extent during ages 15 to 34
3. The earlier the cardiovascular risk factors are modified the greater the potential for deferring the onset of heart disease
4. Primary prevention of atherosclerosis must begin in childhood or adolescence
Major Controllable Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Tobacco use/Smoke High Blood Cholesterol High Blood Pressure Physical Inactivity _________________ ___________
Other Recognized Risk Factors High blood homocysteine level
High blood iron level (males)
Low flavonoid intake
Inflammation
Tobacco Use/Smoke Damages inner lining of artery Stimulates platelets to clot Produces free radicals Decreases HDL levels Constricts vessels Reduces oxygen carrying capacity Increases heart rate
Blood Cholesterol - Risk
Lipid Desirable BorderlineHigh
Total <200 200-239 240+
LDL <100 130-159 160+
HDL >60 41-50 <40
Trig. <150 150-199 200+ Excessive LDL or inadequate HDL leads
to deposition of cholesterol in artery
Blood Pressure Rating
Classification SystolicDiastolic
Optimal <120 <80_______________ 120-139 80-89Hypertension 140+ 90+1. Damages inner lining of artery2. Causes arteries to become rigid
Blood Pressure Systolic pressure: the pressure
exerted against the walls of the artery during heart _______________
Diastolic pressure: the pressure exerted against the walls of the artery during the _______________ phase
Physical Inactivity Lower HDL levels Lack of stimulus for collateral circulation Lack of stimulus for endothelial function Loss of vessel elasticity Inhibited glucose metabolism No stimulus for myocardium
strengthening Increased risk for high blood pressure
Obesity & Overweight Increased risk for high cholesterol
levels Increased risk for elevated blood
pressure Increased risk for type II diabetes