By J. Fraser MustardFounding President, CIAR

October 17, 2003

The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolisand

The McKnight Foundation in Cooperation withUniversity of Minnesota

Early Child Development – Canadian Experience

03-073

The Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchCIAR

03-076

CIAR - Programs

Population Health

Human Development

03-077

Why Are Some People Healthy And Others Not?

Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations

03-063

HEALTH

00-063

HistoricalIndustrial Revolution and Population Health in the West

Tom McKeown- 25% public health- 75% better nutrition

Robert Fogel- Major factor better nutrition of children- Early childhood set risks for chronic diseases of adults- Better quality of population improved economic growth

01-024

0.2

0.6

1

1.4

1.8

1850 1870 1890 1910160

162

164

166

168

170

He

igh

t (cm)

Deaths/1,000Population

Income/CapitaHeight

Inco

me

/Ca

pita

De

ath

s/1

,00

0 P

op

ula

tion

Re

lativ

e In

de

x 1

850

=1

Year

Economic Development and HealthHolland 1850 - 1910

92-050

Mortality by Social Class

V

IVIII

III

1951 1971 1981

180

140

100

60

Class

Marmot in “Class and Health” 1986

Standard Mortality Ratios

U.K. CIVIL SERVICEMortality - All Causes

4

8

12

16

2 4 6 8 100

Year of Follow-up

Other

Clerical

Professional/Executive

Administrative

0

Cum

ulat

ive

Mor

talit

y

91-068

90-068

Job Control and Coronary Heart Disease

HIGH

LOWLO

W

HIG

H

R. Karasek and T. Theorell, Healthy Work: Stress Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life, 1990.

2.8

2.0

0.0

4.5

4.0

4.4 6.8

6.6

10.4

3.2

12.8

20.0

Job ControlJo

b D

eman

d

03-094

Age Adjusted Odds RatiosCHD - Whitehall Study

Civil Service Grade

HIGH LOWNon-Adjusted

AdjustedWork

Risk Factors

Fully

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.50

1.18

1.30

0.95Marmot, BMJ, 1997

00-076

Life Cycle and Health

In Utero - Barker et al

Early Years - Power and Hertzman

Adult Life - Marmot et al

Biological embedding in the early years

00-069

Health Problems Related to Early Life

• Coronary Heart Disease• Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes• Obesity• Blood Pressure• Aging and Memory Loss• Mental Health (depression)

01-010

‘

"Follow up through life of successive

samples of birth has pointed to the

crucial influence of early life on

subsequent mental and physical health

and development."

Acheson, Donald -

,1998

Independent Inquiry into

Inequalities in Health

03-131

NEUROSCIENCE

00-078

Brain Plasticity in Early Years

1. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis - regulation of cortisol memory, diabetes, heart disease, behaviour

2. Autonomic nervous system blood pressure, respiration

3. Sensing pathways vision, sound, touch etc.

03-078

Stimuli switch on genetic pathways - Differentiate neuron function

Stimuli affect the formation of the connections (synapses) among the billions of neurons

Experience and Brain Development

03-079

Eye cataracts at birth prevent development of vision neurons in the occipital cortex

Vision - Hubel & Wiesel

03-089

5-HTT Gene and DepressionAge 26

No Abuse Moderate Abuse Severe Abuse

.30

.50

.70

A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.

Depression Risk

LL

SS

SL

S = Short Allele L = Long Allele

Early Childhood

Interaction of the Brain and Immune System

Hypothalamus

PituitaryGland

Immune Organs

Locus Ceruleus

CRF

ACTH

Cortisol

Cor

tisol

Cytokines SympatheticNervous system

Vagus

Ner

ve

Adrenal Gland

Immune Cells

CRF

03-110

03-065

BEHAVIOUR

01-009

‘

Tremblay, R. - Developmental Health and the

Wealth of Nations, 1999

"The origin of these behavior problems can be

traced back to fetal development and infancy.

High quality care-giving support … during the

first three years … reduces … the seriousness

of behavior problems."

02-011

Martin TeicherScientific American, 2002

"The aftermath … can appear as

depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts or

post-traumatic stress - or as aggression,

impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity

or substance abuse."

02-041

Substance Abuse and Childhood Abuse

0 1.0 1.01 2.7 2.02 2.9 4.03 3.6 4.94+ 4.7 7.4

Exposure to Child Abuse *

Odds Ratios for Drug and Alcohol Use

Drugs Alcohol

Scale: 0 none 4 intense

*

03-064

LEARNING

02-036

Intervention Studies

Grantham-McGregor Abecedarian Ypsilanti Osborn and Milbank Bergmann - France Other (World Bank Report)

Compatible with biological and animal studies

03-086

1970 British Birth Cohort

Preschooling improved performance in school system

The effects of preschooling persist

Egerton and Bynner (2001)

Benefits children in all social classes

REVERSING THE REAL BRAIN DRAIN

Early Years StudyFinal Report

April 1999

Co-chairs: Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain & J. Fraser Mustard

99-113

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Socioeconomic Status

0

10

20

30

40

Vulnerable Children Aged 4 to 6 – NLSCY 1998

Rest of Canada

Ontario

Prevalence of

Vulnerable Children

03-018

01-053

Odds - Ratio for Children's (0-5) Cognitive and Behaviour Problems

Parenting (vs good) Authoritarian Permissive Inadequate

Parents Read to Child

Local Support

1.531.231.85

0.92

0.93

2.011.802.14

0.96

1.00

Cognitive Behaviour

99-004

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

parent-oriented

child-oriented

Source of Brain Stimulation

age

Components of Early Childhood Development and Parenting Centres:

ECD & care (parental and non-parental) arrangements

Play-based learningResourcesPrenatal & postnatal supports

Nutrition programs

LITERACY

03-115

02-001

0

600

1200

12 16 20 24 28 32 36

High SES

Middle SES

Low SES

Age - Months

Vocabulary Growth – First 3 Years

B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday Experiences of Young American Children, 1995

Vocabulary

01-040

Five Levels of Literacy

Level 1:

Level 2:

Level 3:

Level 4 and 5:

indicates persons with very poor skills.

people can deal with material thatis simple

is considered a suitable minimum forcoping with the demands of everyday life

describe people who demonstratecommand of higher-order processing skills

02-061

Document Literacy1994 – 1998, Ages 16 to 55

Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5SwedenCanadaAustraliaUnited StatesChile

23%42%43%48%85%

34%23%17%18% 3%

00-085

Chile

Canada

Netherlands

Sweden

170

190

210

230

250

270

290

310

330

350

0 5 10 15 20

InternationalMean

Mean scores

Parents’ Education (years)

SocioeconomicGradients forDocumentLiteracy Scores

00-042

SocioculturalGradients forLanguageScoresBy Country

Cuba

ArgentinaBrazil

Columbia

Chile

Parents' Education - Years

1 4 8 12 16200

240

280

320

360

Lang

uage

Sco

re

Socioeconomic Gradients for Canada and the United States

Socioeconomic Status

Rea

ding

Lev

el

Rea

ding

Sco

re

400

600

500

-2 -1 0 1 2

I

II

III

IV

03-122

OECDUnited States

Canada

OUTCOMEMEASURES

03-116

03-085

Early Development Instrument (EDI)

Physical health and well-being

Communication skills and general knowledge

Social knowledge and competence

Emotional health/maturity

Language and cognitive development

Percentage of Children Scoring in Bottom 10% by District

6-11%

12-18%

19-24%

25-30%

31-38%

Data unavailable

Early Development Instrument, Collection February 2000

02-065

Percentage Grade 4 Students Below Numeracy Expectations

Source: Ministry of Education

0-11%

12-22%

23-34%

35-46%

47-58%

02-064

00-117

First Ministers therefore agree to work together so that young children can fulfill their potential to be healthy, safe and secure, ready to learn, and socially engaged and responsible. In support of this common goal, governments will improve and expand early childhood development programs and services over time.

First Ministers’ Meeting, Government of Canada, September 11, 2000

03-067

Ontario Government

“Integrating all of our earlydevelopment programsunder the new Ministerfor Human Development.”

The Road Ahead, Ont. PC’s, 2003

00-068

ECD

Human Development

EconomicGrowth

Education HealthSocialCapital Equality

02-018

From Early Child Development To

Human Development *

World Bank Report, 2002

01-039

www.founders.net

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