By J. Fraser Mustard Founding President, CIAR October 17, 2003 The Federal Reserve Bank of...
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By J. Fraser MustardFounding President, CIAR
October 17, 2003
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolisand
The McKnight Foundation in Cooperation withUniversity of Minnesota
Early Child Development – Canadian Experience
03-073
The Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchCIAR
03-076
CIAR - Programs
Population Health
Human Development
03-077
Why Are Some People Healthy And Others Not?
Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations
03-063
HEALTH
00-063
HistoricalIndustrial Revolution and Population Health in the West
Tom McKeown- 25% public health- 75% better nutrition
Robert Fogel- Major factor better nutrition of children- Early childhood set risks for chronic diseases of adults- Better quality of population improved economic growth
01-024
0.2
0.6
1
1.4
1.8
1850 1870 1890 1910160
162
164
166
168
170
He
igh
t (cm)
Deaths/1,000Population
Income/CapitaHeight
Inco
me
/Ca
pita
De
ath
s/1
,00
0 P
op
ula
tion
Re
lativ
e In
de
x 1
850
=1
Year
Economic Development and HealthHolland 1850 - 1910
92-050
Mortality by Social Class
V
IVIII
III
1951 1971 1981
180
140
100
60
Class
Marmot in “Class and Health” 1986
Standard Mortality Ratios
U.K. CIVIL SERVICEMortality - All Causes
4
8
12
16
2 4 6 8 100
Year of Follow-up
Other
Clerical
Professional/Executive
Administrative
0
Cum
ulat
ive
Mor
talit
y
91-068
90-068
Job Control and Coronary Heart Disease
HIGH
LOWLO
W
HIG
H
R. Karasek and T. Theorell, Healthy Work: Stress Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life, 1990.
2.8
2.0
0.0
4.5
4.0
4.4 6.8
6.6
10.4
3.2
12.8
20.0
Job ControlJo
b D
eman
d
03-094
Age Adjusted Odds RatiosCHD - Whitehall Study
Civil Service Grade
HIGH LOWNon-Adjusted
AdjustedWork
Risk Factors
Fully
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.18
1.30
0.95Marmot, BMJ, 1997
00-076
Life Cycle and Health
In Utero - Barker et al
Early Years - Power and Hertzman
Adult Life - Marmot et al
Biological embedding in the early years
00-069
Health Problems Related to Early Life
• Coronary Heart Disease• Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes• Obesity• Blood Pressure• Aging and Memory Loss• Mental Health (depression)
01-010
‘
"Follow up through life of successive
samples of birth has pointed to the
crucial influence of early life on
subsequent mental and physical health
and development."
Acheson, Donald -
,1998
Independent Inquiry into
Inequalities in Health
03-131
NEUROSCIENCE
00-078
Brain Plasticity in Early Years
1. Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis - regulation of cortisol memory, diabetes, heart disease, behaviour
2. Autonomic nervous system blood pressure, respiration
3. Sensing pathways vision, sound, touch etc.
03-078
Stimuli switch on genetic pathways - Differentiate neuron function
Stimuli affect the formation of the connections (synapses) among the billions of neurons
Experience and Brain Development
03-079
Eye cataracts at birth prevent development of vision neurons in the occipital cortex
Vision - Hubel & Wiesel
03-089
5-HTT Gene and DepressionAge 26
No Abuse Moderate Abuse Severe Abuse
.30
.50
.70
A. Caspi, Science, 18 July 2003, Vol 301.
Depression Risk
LL
SS
SL
S = Short Allele L = Long Allele
Early Childhood
Interaction of the Brain and Immune System
Hypothalamus
PituitaryGland
Immune Organs
Locus Ceruleus
CRF
ACTH
Cortisol
Cor
tisol
Cytokines SympatheticNervous system
Vagus
Ner
ve
Adrenal Gland
Immune Cells
CRF
03-110
03-065
BEHAVIOUR
01-009
‘
Tremblay, R. - Developmental Health and the
Wealth of Nations, 1999
"The origin of these behavior problems can be
traced back to fetal development and infancy.
High quality care-giving support … during the
first three years … reduces … the seriousness
of behavior problems."
02-011
Martin TeicherScientific American, 2002
"The aftermath … can appear as
depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts or
post-traumatic stress - or as aggression,
impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity
or substance abuse."
02-041
Substance Abuse and Childhood Abuse
0 1.0 1.01 2.7 2.02 2.9 4.03 3.6 4.94+ 4.7 7.4
Exposure to Child Abuse *
Odds Ratios for Drug and Alcohol Use
Drugs Alcohol
Scale: 0 none 4 intense
*
03-064
LEARNING
02-036
Intervention Studies
Grantham-McGregor Abecedarian Ypsilanti Osborn and Milbank Bergmann - France Other (World Bank Report)
Compatible with biological and animal studies
03-086
1970 British Birth Cohort
Preschooling improved performance in school system
The effects of preschooling persist
Egerton and Bynner (2001)
Benefits children in all social classes
REVERSING THE REAL BRAIN DRAIN
Early Years StudyFinal Report
April 1999
Co-chairs: Hon. Margaret Norrie McCain & J. Fraser Mustard
99-113
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Socioeconomic Status
0
10
20
30
40
Vulnerable Children Aged 4 to 6 – NLSCY 1998
Rest of Canada
Ontario
Prevalence of
Vulnerable Children
03-018
01-053
Odds - Ratio for Children's (0-5) Cognitive and Behaviour Problems
Parenting (vs good) Authoritarian Permissive Inadequate
Parents Read to Child
Local Support
1.531.231.85
0.92
0.93
2.011.802.14
0.96
1.00
Cognitive Behaviour
99-004
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
parent-oriented
child-oriented
Source of Brain Stimulation
age
Components of Early Childhood Development and Parenting Centres:
ECD & care (parental and non-parental) arrangements
Play-based learningResourcesPrenatal & postnatal supports
Nutrition programs
LITERACY
03-115
02-001
0
600
1200
12 16 20 24 28 32 36
High SES
Middle SES
Low SES
Age - Months
Vocabulary Growth – First 3 Years
B. Hart & T. Risley, Meaningful Differences in Everyday Experiences of Young American Children, 1995
Vocabulary
01-040
Five Levels of Literacy
Level 1:
Level 2:
Level 3:
Level 4 and 5:
indicates persons with very poor skills.
people can deal with material thatis simple
is considered a suitable minimum forcoping with the demands of everyday life
describe people who demonstratecommand of higher-order processing skills
02-061
Document Literacy1994 – 1998, Ages 16 to 55
Level 1 and 2 Level 4 and 5SwedenCanadaAustraliaUnited StatesChile
23%42%43%48%85%
34%23%17%18% 3%
00-085
Chile
Canada
Netherlands
Sweden
170
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
330
350
0 5 10 15 20
InternationalMean
Mean scores
Parents’ Education (years)
SocioeconomicGradients forDocumentLiteracy Scores
00-042
SocioculturalGradients forLanguageScoresBy Country
Cuba
ArgentinaBrazil
Columbia
Chile
Parents' Education - Years
1 4 8 12 16200
240
280
320
360
Lang
uage
Sco
re
Socioeconomic Gradients for Canada and the United States
Socioeconomic Status
Rea
ding
Lev
el
Rea
ding
Sco
re
400
600
500
-2 -1 0 1 2
I
II
III
IV
03-122
OECDUnited States
Canada
OUTCOMEMEASURES
03-116
03-085
Early Development Instrument (EDI)
Physical health and well-being
Communication skills and general knowledge
Social knowledge and competence
Emotional health/maturity
Language and cognitive development
Percentage of Children Scoring in Bottom 10% by District
6-11%
12-18%
19-24%
25-30%
31-38%
Data unavailable
Early Development Instrument, Collection February 2000
02-065
Percentage Grade 4 Students Below Numeracy Expectations
Source: Ministry of Education
0-11%
12-22%
23-34%
35-46%
47-58%
02-064
00-117
First Ministers therefore agree to work together so that young children can fulfill their potential to be healthy, safe and secure, ready to learn, and socially engaged and responsible. In support of this common goal, governments will improve and expand early childhood development programs and services over time.
First Ministers’ Meeting, Government of Canada, September 11, 2000
03-067
Ontario Government
“Integrating all of our earlydevelopment programsunder the new Ministerfor Human Development.”
The Road Ahead, Ont. PC’s, 2003
00-068
ECD
Human Development
EconomicGrowth
Education HealthSocialCapital Equality
02-018
From Early Child Development To
Human Development *
World Bank Report, 2002
01-039
www.founders.net
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