Post on 22-Dec-2015
Business and Computing Deanery
3D Modelling Week 5
Lighting, cameras and an introduction to animation
3D Modelling 2
Last week - Materials Why materials? Working with materials in 3ds max Shaders and rendering Surface properties Applying maps
Bitmaps Procedural
Libraries Exporting materials
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Aims of today Output
Realtime or photorealistic? Lighting and shadows Cameras Introduction to animation
Next week your presentation
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Realtime v. photorealistic Compare lighting
OpenGL - max 8 Photorealistic – 10 per character
Convergence of realtime and photorealistic Realtime is now used to plan real movies
Realtime is increasingly being used over the Web for product display
Used extensively in games
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Realtime rendering Depends upon your graphic card APIs
Application Programming Interfaces Open GL Direct X
Used in plugins and games Can be used for the Viewport display in
your 3D modelling software
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Internalor3rd party
Traditional
The CG production pipelineStory
Art
Set design Layout Animation Shading
Modelling
Rendering
Lighting Simulation Effects
Film
Commercial
Editorial
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Rendering The act of translating the information in
the files that make up the shot into a single frame of film
Rendering "fills in" geometry with color, shadow, lighting effects, etc.
Pixar have created Renderman 10 years ago it took 6 hours to render one
frame How many today?
Use render farms
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Types rendering Renders viewport view Quick render Render to file
Still image, frame Animation
Render to print Quicktime VR
3ds max v7
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Render settings Resolution
Height and width in pixels
Consider aspect ratio Colour depth
8 bit allows 256 colours 24 bit allows 16 million More colours helps
reduce banding and errors
Anti-aliasing Active time segment Alpha channel
Atmospherics Eg. fog
Effects Eg. Blur
Advanced lighting Use a radiosity solution
or light tracing in the rendering
Render output
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File types The rendered output can be a still image
or an animation A selection of file types
AVI File (AVI) BMP Image file (BMP) Encapsulated PostScript format (EPS, PS) JPEG File (JPG) MOV QuickTime file (MOV) PNG Image File (PNG) TIF Image File (TIF)
Which are used for still or animation?
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Export / import 3D Studio (3DS) Adobe Illustrator (AI) ASC Scene Export (ASE) AutoCAD (DWG) an AutoCAD (DXF) Shockwave 3D FiLMBOX (FBX) Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGES) Lightscape Material (ATR), Lightscape Blocks (BLK),
Lightscape Parameter (DF), Lightscape Layers (LAY), Lightscape View (VW), Lightscape Preparation File (LP)
Stereolithography (STL) VRML97 (WRL)
May need to purchase an additional plugin Problems with shaders and maps
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Exporting models Check what you are exporting The geometry or mesh Textures and maps?
You may need to export them separately Lights ? Cameras? Shadows
If supported they usually need to be re-generated
Animation? Find out before you go to far, do a test
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Concepts Light has warmth (yellowish) or
coolness (bluish) Intensity Angle if incidence Radiosity
Light reflecting from an object Attenuation
Light becomes weaker with distance3ds max v7
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Lighting basics Three main sources of lighting in
classic photography Key Fill Backlight
Concepts apply to 3D programs, plus Ambient light
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Key light Outdoors
The sun Indoors
Major window Main electric light Flash on a camera
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Fill light Fills in the dark shadows
cast by the key light Outdoors may be created
artificially Indoors from secondary
lights Distant window Light fitting
Softens shadows 3ds max v7
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Backlight Situated behind the subject Separates the foreground from the
background Can make the scene more three-
dimensional
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Planning lighting Default lighting Use this until you are happy with the
scene, then add lights Use as few as possible Start with the key light
Maybe a spot Add fill
Use omni or several spots Finally add accent lighting
3ds max v7
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Ambient light Not a light source
Light from other sources bouncing of walls, the ceiling and other objects in the scene
Can be achieved by Radiosity rendering
Or the software can lighten the scene by 10% 3ds max v7
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Lighting directionSingle light from side Single light straight on
Both sides Reduced full fill
3ds max v7
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Target lights and cameras Target
Easier to aim Simply position
the target object at the centre of interest
Free
3ds max v7
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Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere
and a cone sitting on top Add one or more spotlights to
provide lighting and render the scene: Frontal Overhead Backlighting Dual side Underlighting
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Types of lighting Standard
Omnidirectional light Directional light Spotlights
Advanced Photometric lights
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Omnidirectional light Known as omni light Like a bare light bulb Casts rays in all directions from a
single source
3ds max v7
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Directional light Also known as Distant lights Cast parallel light rays Primarily used to simulate sunlight
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Spotlights Casts a focused beam of light like a
flashlight, a follow spot in a theatre, or a headlight.
3ds max v7
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Activity Create a flat surface
with a sphere and a cone sitting on top Add a spotlight Add an omni light
behind the scene Alter the values to
achieve a balanced rendering
3ds max v7
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Standard light settings Intensity Angle of incidence Attenuation Reflected light and ambient light Colour
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Brightness and colour Intensity sets the brightness of the
scene Range from 0 to 255 (white) Colour – use the RGB sliders
3ds max v7
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Activity With your scene experiment with
your light settings Vary the light settings for:
Intensity Angle of incidence Attenuation Reflected light and ambient light Colour
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Shadows Photometric and standard lights
both have the same options for generating shadows
Two types Shadow mapped Ray-traced
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Shadow mapped Grayscaled texture map based on the
lighting and mesh Soft-edged More natural May be blocky May be inaccurate May be incorrectly positioned Do not take transparency into account Do not take on the colour cast of the
object May use a lot of RAM 3ds max v7
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Ray traced shadows Ray tracing
techniques Have a hard edge
Software can be used to soften
Very accurate and precise
Does not use a lot of RAM 3ds max v7
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Hotspot and falloff Hotspot
Angle of the inner portion of the beam
Falloff Angle of the outer
beam Differences in
angles make the effect softer
3ds max v7
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Include and exclude Some software allows you to set up
lights that affect only certain objects Use a pick list to select objects
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Colour and mood Cool colours – blues and violets
Still and calm Warm colours – yellows, red and
orange Fiery and energetic Intense and active
Be careful, keep it subtle
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Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere
and a cone sitting on top Add a spot light Add a fill light
Alter the hotspot/fallout Alter the type of shadow
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Photometric lights Photometric lights
enable you to more accurately define lights as they would be in the real world using ray tracing
Distribution, intensity, colour temperature can be set 3ds max v7
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Global Illumination with Radiosity Standard lights are simpler than
natural lighting Using photometric lights with a
radiosity solution with your lights provides a better model of the real world
Radiosity is rendering technology that realistically simulates the way in which light interacts in an environment
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Preset photometric lights Generic 60W Bulb Generic 75W Bulb Generic 100W Bulb Generic Halogen Spotlight Generic Recessed 75W Lamp (web) Generic Recessed 75W Wallwash (web) Generic Recessed 250W Wallwash (web) Generic 4ft Pendant Fluorescent (web) Generic 4ft Cove Fluorescent (web) Generic Street 400W Lamp (web) Generic Stadium 100W Lamp (web)
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Photometric lights Target Point
Similar to a standard omni light, emits light from a geometric point
Spotlight Focused beam
Web distribution Distribution of light Many lighting manufacturers provide
web files that model their products 3ds max v7
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Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere
and a cone sitting on top Add photometric lights
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Sunlight and Daylight A system that follows the
geographically correct angle and movement of the sun over the earth at a given location
You can choose Location Date and time Compass orientation.
3ds max v7
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Daylight Daylight combines sunlight and
skylight The sunlight component can be either IES Sun light
Illuminating Engineering Society Values set automatically based on geographic
location, time, and date Or a standard light (a target direct light).
The sky component can be either an IES Sky light Or a Skylight.
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Cameras Virtual cameras duplicate the
functions and controls of real-world cameras
What controls does a real-world camera have?
A. Focal lengthB. Field of View
3ds max v7
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Focal length The distance between the lens and
the light-sensitive surface Lens size
28mm wide angled lens 50mm normal lens 85mm long focus and more….
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Field of view Field of View
the width of your view as an angle with its apex at your viewpoint and the ends at the sides of the view
Relates to the lens size 28mm wide angled lens
75o
50mm normal lens 40o
85mm long focus 24o
3ds max v7
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Activity Create a linear array of cubes Create another linear array of the
first set of cubes Add a camera Change a viewport to a camera Alter the lens size
Normal Wide angled Telephoto
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Depth of Field Simulates the
natural blurring of foreground and background scene elements when viewed through a camera lens Related to the
aperture setting on a real camera 3ds max v7
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Clipping frame Exclude some of
a scene’s geometry and view or render only certain portions of the scene
3ds max v7
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Activity Working with your set of cubes:
Position of four cameras as follows: Bird’s eye Overhead Worm’s eye Normal
Export as VRML and view Alter the depth of field Alter the clipping planes
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Animation Timelines Keyframes Constraints Kinematics Atmospheric effects
Chapter 9 3D graphics and Animation
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Concepts What is animation? Modification of any
kind of object Light Material Camera
What can you change? Parameters
Position Rotation Scale
What parameters have been changed?
3ds max v7
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Frames A series of still
images Frames
Persistence of vision Illusion of fluid
motion
3ds max v7
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Frame rates Frame rate
Speed at which the images are displayed
Frames per second Different systems
have different rates
Standard rate in UK for output to film is 24fps 3ds max v7
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Timeline controls VCR like section of the interface
9 Animation playback controls10 Animation keying controls14 Track bar15 Time slider
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Key framing Like traditional 2D
animation techniques
Specific frames Tweening
Computer calculates the parameters of the object’s position for each intermediate frame 3ds max v7
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Constraints Animation constraints are used to help
automate the animation process. Used to control an object’s
Position Rotation scale
A binding relationship with another object Requires one object and at least one
target object The target imposes specific limits on the
constrained object
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Motion paths A path constraint
restricts an object's movement along a spline
The spline curve (target) defines a path of motion for the constrained object.
3ds max v7
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Keyframe weighting Affects the behaviour of the motion path Linear weighting
Keyframe to keyframe in a straight line TCB
Tension Amount of curvature in the path before and after
the keyframe Continuity
Adjust how tngent the path is to the control point Bias
Maximum extreme point
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Moving cameras 1 Pan
Rotates the target about the camera
Tilt or orbit Rotates a camera
about the target
3ds max v7
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Moving cameras 2 Dolly
Moves the camera and/or its target along the camera's main axis
Truck Moves the camera
parallel to the view plane
3ds max v7
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Activity Create a scene with spheres, cones,
cylinders Create a motion path between these
shapes Add an object to the path
A box to represent a vehicle Add a camera to your vehicle
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References Giambruno M, (2002) 3D Graphics & Animation,
2nd Edition, New Riders, ISBN: 0-7357-1243-3 Kerlow I. V., (2003) The Art of 3-D Computer
Animation and Effects , 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc; ISBN: 0471430366
Murdock K. L., 3ds max7 Bible, Wiley Publishing; ISBN: 0-7645-7971-1
Screen shots taken from 3ds max 7 User Reference and tutorials