Business and Computing Deanery

3D Modelling Week 5

Lighting, cameras and an introduction to animation

3D Modelling 2

Last week - Materials Why materials? Working with materials in 3ds max Shaders and rendering Surface properties Applying maps

Bitmaps Procedural

Libraries Exporting materials

3D Modelling 3

Aims of today Output

Realtime or photorealistic? Lighting and shadows Cameras Introduction to animation

Next week your presentation

3D Modelling 4

Realtime v. photorealistic Compare lighting

OpenGL - max 8 Photorealistic – 10 per character

Convergence of realtime and photorealistic Realtime is now used to plan real movies

Realtime is increasingly being used over the Web for product display

Used extensively in games

3D Modelling 5

Realtime rendering Depends upon your graphic card APIs

Application Programming Interfaces Open GL Direct X

Used in plugins and games Can be used for the Viewport display in

your 3D modelling software

3D Modelling 6

Internalor3rd party

Traditional

The CG production pipelineStory

Art

Set design Layout Animation Shading

Modelling

Rendering

Lighting Simulation Effects

Film

Commercial

Editorial

3D Modelling 7

Rendering The act of translating the information in

the files that make up the shot into a single frame of film

Rendering "fills in" geometry with color, shadow, lighting effects, etc.

Pixar have created Renderman 10 years ago it took 6 hours to render one

frame How many today?

Use render farms

3D Modelling 8

Types rendering Renders viewport view Quick render Render to file

Still image, frame Animation

Render to print Quicktime VR

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 9

Render settings Resolution

Height and width in pixels

Consider aspect ratio Colour depth

8 bit allows 256 colours 24 bit allows 16 million More colours helps

reduce banding and errors

Anti-aliasing Active time segment Alpha channel

Atmospherics Eg. fog

Effects Eg. Blur

Advanced lighting Use a radiosity solution

or light tracing in the rendering

Render output

3D Modelling 10

File types The rendered output can be a still image

or an animation A selection of file types

AVI File (AVI) BMP Image file (BMP) Encapsulated PostScript format (EPS, PS) JPEG File (JPG) MOV QuickTime file (MOV) PNG Image File (PNG) TIF Image File (TIF)

Which are used for still or animation?

3D Modelling 11

Export / import 3D Studio (3DS) Adobe Illustrator (AI) ASC Scene Export (ASE) AutoCAD (DWG) an AutoCAD (DXF) Shockwave 3D FiLMBOX (FBX) Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGES) Lightscape Material (ATR), Lightscape Blocks (BLK),

Lightscape Parameter (DF), Lightscape Layers (LAY), Lightscape View (VW), Lightscape Preparation File (LP)

Stereolithography (STL) VRML97 (WRL)

May need to purchase an additional plugin Problems with shaders and maps

3D Modelling 12

Exporting models Check what you are exporting The geometry or mesh Textures and maps?

You may need to export them separately Lights ? Cameras? Shadows

If supported they usually need to be re-generated

Animation? Find out before you go to far, do a test

3D Modelling 13

Concepts Light has warmth (yellowish) or

coolness (bluish) Intensity Angle if incidence Radiosity

Light reflecting from an object Attenuation

Light becomes weaker with distance3ds max v7

3D Modelling 14

Lighting basics Three main sources of lighting in

classic photography Key Fill Backlight

Concepts apply to 3D programs, plus Ambient light

3D Modelling 15

Getting it right

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 16

Key light Outdoors

The sun Indoors

Major window Main electric light Flash on a camera

3D Modelling 17

Fill light Fills in the dark shadows

cast by the key light Outdoors may be created

artificially Indoors from secondary

lights Distant window Light fitting

Softens shadows 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 18

Backlight Situated behind the subject Separates the foreground from the

background Can make the scene more three-

dimensional

3D Modelling 19

Lighting strategies

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 20

Planning lighting Default lighting Use this until you are happy with the

scene, then add lights Use as few as possible Start with the key light

Maybe a spot Add fill

Use omni or several spots Finally add accent lighting

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 21

Ambient light Not a light source

Light from other sources bouncing of walls, the ceiling and other objects in the scene

Can be achieved by Radiosity rendering

Or the software can lighten the scene by 10% 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 22

Lighting directionSingle light from side Single light straight on

Both sides Reduced full fill

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 23

Target lights and cameras Target

Easier to aim Simply position

the target object at the centre of interest

Free

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 24

Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere

and a cone sitting on top Add one or more spotlights to

provide lighting and render the scene: Frontal Overhead Backlighting Dual side Underlighting

3D Modelling 25

Types of lighting Standard

Omnidirectional light Directional light Spotlights

Advanced Photometric lights

3D Modelling 26

Omnidirectional light Known as omni light Like a bare light bulb Casts rays in all directions from a

single source

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 27

Directional light Also known as Distant lights Cast parallel light rays Primarily used to simulate sunlight

3D Modelling 28

Spotlights Casts a focused beam of light like a

flashlight, a follow spot in a theatre, or a headlight.

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 29

Activity Create a flat surface

with a sphere and a cone sitting on top Add a spotlight Add an omni light

behind the scene Alter the values to

achieve a balanced rendering

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 30

Standard light settings Intensity Angle of incidence Attenuation Reflected light and ambient light Colour

3D Modelling 31

Brightness and colour Intensity sets the brightness of the

scene Range from 0 to 255 (white) Colour – use the RGB sliders

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 32

Attenuation Natural reduction

of light intensity

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 33

Activity With your scene experiment with

your light settings Vary the light settings for:

Intensity Angle of incidence Attenuation Reflected light and ambient light Colour

3D Modelling 34

Use of shadows

Default lighting

Spot plus low level back lighting

Spot

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 35

Shadows Photometric and standard lights

both have the same options for generating shadows

Two types Shadow mapped Ray-traced

3D Modelling 36

Shadow mapped Grayscaled texture map based on the

lighting and mesh Soft-edged More natural May be blocky May be inaccurate May be incorrectly positioned Do not take transparency into account Do not take on the colour cast of the

object May use a lot of RAM 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 37

Ray traced shadows Ray tracing

techniques Have a hard edge

Software can be used to soften

Very accurate and precise

Does not use a lot of RAM 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 38

Hotspot and falloff Hotspot

Angle of the inner portion of the beam

Falloff Angle of the outer

beam Differences in

angles make the effect softer

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 39

Include and exclude Some software allows you to set up

lights that affect only certain objects Use a pick list to select objects

3D Modelling 40

Colour and mood Cool colours – blues and violets

Still and calm Warm colours – yellows, red and

orange Fiery and energetic Intense and active

Be careful, keep it subtle

3D Modelling 41

Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere

and a cone sitting on top Add a spot light Add a fill light

Alter the hotspot/fallout Alter the type of shadow

3D Modelling 42

Photometric lights Photometric lights

enable you to more accurately define lights as they would be in the real world using ray tracing

Distribution, intensity, colour temperature can be set 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 43

Global Illumination with Radiosity Standard lights are simpler than

natural lighting Using photometric lights with a

radiosity solution with your lights provides a better model of the real world

Radiosity is rendering technology that realistically simulates the way in which light interacts in an environment

3D Modelling 44

Preset photometric lights Generic 60W Bulb Generic 75W Bulb Generic 100W Bulb Generic Halogen Spotlight Generic Recessed 75W Lamp (web) Generic Recessed 75W Wallwash (web) Generic Recessed 250W Wallwash (web) Generic 4ft Pendant Fluorescent (web) Generic 4ft Cove Fluorescent (web) Generic Street 400W Lamp (web) Generic Stadium 100W Lamp (web)

3D Modelling 45

Photometric lights Target Point

Similar to a standard omni light, emits light from a geometric point

Spotlight Focused beam

Web distribution Distribution of light Many lighting manufacturers provide

web files that model their products 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 46

Activity Create a flat surface with a sphere

and a cone sitting on top Add photometric lights

3D Modelling 47

Sunlight and Daylight A system that follows the

geographically correct angle and movement of the sun over the earth at a given location

You can choose Location Date and time Compass orientation.

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 48

Daylight Daylight combines sunlight and

skylight The sunlight component can be either IES Sun light

Illuminating Engineering Society Values set automatically based on geographic

location, time, and date Or a standard light (a target direct light).

The sky component can be either an IES Sky light Or a Skylight.

3D Modelling 49

Cameras Virtual cameras duplicate the

functions and controls of real-world cameras

What controls does a real-world camera have?

A. Focal lengthB. Field of View

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 50

Focal length The distance between the lens and

the light-sensitive surface Lens size

28mm wide angled lens 50mm normal lens 85mm long focus and more….

3D Modelling 51

Field of view Field of View

the width of your view as an angle with its apex at your viewpoint and the ends at the sides of the view

Relates to the lens size 28mm wide angled lens

75o

50mm normal lens 40o

85mm long focus 24o

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 52

Activity Create a linear array of cubes Create another linear array of the

first set of cubes Add a camera Change a viewport to a camera Alter the lens size

Normal Wide angled Telephoto

3D Modelling 53

Depth of Field Simulates the

natural blurring of foreground and background scene elements when viewed through a camera lens Related to the

aperture setting on a real camera 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 54

Clipping frame Exclude some of

a scene’s geometry and view or render only certain portions of the scene

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 55

Activity Working with your set of cubes:

Position of four cameras as follows: Bird’s eye Overhead Worm’s eye Normal

Export as VRML and view Alter the depth of field Alter the clipping planes

3D Modelling 56

Animation Timelines Keyframes Constraints Kinematics Atmospheric effects

Chapter 9 3D graphics and Animation

3D Modelling 57

Concepts What is animation? Modification of any

kind of object Light Material Camera

What can you change? Parameters

Position Rotation Scale

What parameters have been changed?

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 58

Frames A series of still

images Frames

Persistence of vision Illusion of fluid

motion

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 59

Frame rates Frame rate

Speed at which the images are displayed

Frames per second Different systems

have different rates

Standard rate in UK for output to film is 24fps 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 60

Timeline controls VCR like section of the interface

9 Animation playback controls10 Animation keying controls14 Track bar15 Time slider

3D Modelling 61

Key framing Like traditional 2D

animation techniques

Specific frames Tweening

Computer calculates the parameters of the object’s position for each intermediate frame 3ds max v7

3D Modelling 62

Activity Create a scene with spheres, cones,

cylinders Make something move

3D Modelling 63

Constraints Animation constraints are used to help

automate the animation process. Used to control an object’s

Position Rotation scale

A binding relationship with another object Requires one object and at least one

target object The target imposes specific limits on the

constrained object

3D Modelling 64

Motion paths A path constraint

restricts an object's movement along a spline

The spline curve (target) defines a path of motion for the constrained object.

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 65

Keyframe weighting Affects the behaviour of the motion path Linear weighting

Keyframe to keyframe in a straight line TCB

Tension Amount of curvature in the path before and after

the keyframe Continuity

Adjust how tngent the path is to the control point Bias

Maximum extreme point

3D Modelling 66

Moving cameras 1 Pan

Rotates the target about the camera

Tilt or orbit Rotates a camera

about the target

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 67

Moving cameras 2 Dolly

Moves the camera and/or its target along the camera's main axis

Truck Moves the camera

parallel to the view plane

3ds max v7

3D Modelling 68

Activity Create a scene with spheres, cones,

cylinders Create a motion path between these

shapes Add an object to the path

A box to represent a vehicle Add a camera to your vehicle

3D Modelling 69

References Giambruno M, (2002) 3D Graphics & Animation,

2nd Edition, New Riders, ISBN: 0-7357-1243-3 Kerlow I. V., (2003) The Art of 3-D Computer

Animation and Effects , 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc; ISBN: 0471430366

Murdock K. L., 3ds max7 Bible, Wiley Publishing; ISBN: 0-7645-7971-1

Screen shots taken from 3ds max 7 User Reference and tutorials