Post on 12-Sep-2014
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1
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and
urban development in Latin
America and India
June 18-19, 2014 Moderators: Anjali Mahendra, EMBARQ India
Angela Enriquez, World Resources Institute-EMBARQ
Presenter: Erik Vergel-Tovar
PhD Candidate
Department of City and Regional Planning
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Overview of the LEDS Global Partnership & Transport Working Group
Presentation:
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Questions and Answers
Closing Remarks
Survey
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9
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United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
What do we do?
Knowledge management and diffusion
Peer-to-peer training and regional workshops
10 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban
development in Latin America and India
Ahmedabad
Indore C. Guatemala
Bogotá
Quito
Guayaquil
Goiânia
Sao Paulo
Curitiba Erik Vergel-Tovar evergel@live.unc.edu
PhD Candidate Department of City and Regional Planning
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
11 ledsgp.org
Outline
I. Background
II. Literature review
III. Research questions and methodology
IV.BRT stop typologies in Latin America and
India
V. Comparative approach of BRT typologies
VI.Discussion and acknowledgements
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
12 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Background: BRT
High quality bus service as a mass transit
option
Priority (lanes, intersections)
High capacity and level boarding
Off-board data collection
Latin America (63.3% worldwide ridership)
Asia (26.4% world ridership)
Latin America and Asia world leaders (89.7%
world ridership)
Source: http://www.brtdata.org/ Global BRT Data 2013
13 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Latin America world leader on BRT…
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Source: www.brtdata.org (2014)
8,165,822 passengers per day
19,542,283 passengers per day
33%
53%
49 BRT
85 BRT
20 BRT
7 BRT 7 BRT Latin America
Asia
Europe/North
America/Africa/
Oceania
Asia emerging leader on BRT
14 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT and Urban Development
BRT systems
Cost-effectiveness and relative flexibility
Can mobilize as many passengers as most
conventional light rail systems
Cost-effectiveness of BRT hinges on the ability to
have demand concentrated along system corridors
BRT & urban development
Experience of Curitiba (transport and land use)
Limited empirical evidence regarding the
development impacts that BRT investments cause
15 ledsgp.org
Source: Vergel (2011)
Curitiba
Brazil 1974
Quito
Ecuador 1996
Bogotá
Colombia 2000
Ahmedabad
India 2009 Source: Vergel (2011, 2013)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
16 ledsgp.org
2 2 2 2 2 3
2
5
3 3 4
5
3
7 6
13 12
8
14 13
17
10
12
8
0
5
10
15
20
1972 1977 1986 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Source: Hidalgo, Gutierrez, BRT and BHLS around the world, 2012
Background: Cities with BRT
1972-2013
Bogotá
Quito
Goiânia
Source: adapted from www.brtdata.org (2014)
Indore
Ahmedabad
Sao Paulo ABD
Curitiba
Guayaquil
Guatemala
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
17 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
3,000 6,000 12,000 25,000 45,000
Bus
Bus Rapid Transit – BRT
Metro LRT
New view of transit capacity Passengers / hour direction
Source: Bud Rapid transit: a review of recent advances (Lloyd Wright, 2012)
© Vergel (2014)
18 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Transit Oriented Development TOD
Attributes of transit-oriented development (TOD):
Compact and dense
High land use mixtures
High-quality pedestrian
environment
Strong coordination between
transit and the
built environment
Arlington, Virginia (USA)
Curitiba, Brazil
Sources: http://sites.arlingtonva.us/rosslynsector/about/planning-in-arlington/ IPPUC (2011)
19 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Benefits of TOD Make transit use more viable (TCRP 2008)
Provision several transportation modes – efficient manner
Concentrates demand (economies of density)
Time and costs savings for residents
Accessibility benefits (local & regional scale)
Real estate/neighborhood-community
development strategy
Efficient land use and development around transit stops
Generates revenue for the city
Property tax, value capture, ridership, etc.
20 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Motivation
Generalized perception that the “T” in TOD is
rail, not BRT
Lack of locational rigidity & permanence
Noise & pollution
Allure of rails’ newness
All this, despite Curitiba’s exemplary
approach
21 ledsgp.org
Outline
I. Background
II. Literature review
III. Research questions and methodology
IV.BRT stop typologies in Latin America and
India
V. Comparative approach of BRT typologies
VI.Discussion and acknowledgements
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
22 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Literature Review: BRT & Prices
Quasi-experimental methods
Bogota: Between 0-15% residential premium (Perdomo et
al; Rodriguez & Mojica)
Ecatepec: No change due to announcement
Observational (cross-sectional) methods
Seoul (Sung & Cho, 2011)
5-10% residential premium (within 300 m)
3% retail premium (within 300m)
23 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Literature Review: BRT & Density
BRT expansion
increased densities
in Bogota (Bocarejo et al, 2012)
Auto oriented uses,
parking, long blocks
barriers to Jinan BRT (Thomas & Deakin, 2008)
Source : Bocarejo et al, 2012
24 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Literature Review: TOD typologies
Prospective, from visionaries/planners
Encourage strategic planning
Guide investment
Engage public
Retrospective, empirically-based
Descriptive
Basis for explicative research
Can be used prospectively
25 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Literature Review: TOD typologies
Urbanity
Urban and neighborhood TODs (Calthorpe, 1997)
Land use, intensity, design, public spaces
Regional, community, neighborhood
by technology in FL
Geography and urbanity
Dominant view (Dittmar & Poticha, 2004)
In Sacramento, Denver, San Francisco
Core, employment centers, commuter enter, mixed use dense,
urban neighborhood
Source: Reconnectingamerica.org`
Source: Calthorpe, 1997`
26 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Literature Review:
Empirical typologies
Source: Reconnectingamerica.org`
25 Hong Kong rail stops
5 types based on land use, intensity, area
27 Phoenix LRT stops
5 types based on land use, intensity, socio-
demographics and housing
Source: Cervero and Murakami, 2008
27 ledsgp.org
Outline
I. Background
II. Literature review
III. Research questions and methodology
IV.BRT stop typologies in Latin America and
India
V. Comparative approach of BRT typologies
VI.Discussion and acknowledgements
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
28 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Research Questions What is occurring around BRT stops in Latin
America and India?
Examine the built environment around BRT stops
Develop a typology of environments
Help understand where BRT is happening and how
Guide decision makers towards possible future scenarios
What are the factors explaining land
development changes and TOD features
around BRT stops?
29 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: Latin America
Collect segment-block-stop-level data
Reduce data and use it to develop types
Inclusion criteria
> 5 yrs in operation
Medium to large city
Seven cities
16% of worlds’ BRT use
31% of Latin America BRT use
Source: Rodriguez and Vergel (2012)
30 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: India
Collect segment-block-stop-level data
Reduce data and use it to develop
types
Inclusion criteria
BRT under operation
Medium to large city
Indore 7.19 % India BRT use
Ahmedabad 16.85% India BRT use
Source: Vergel (2013), Global BRT Data http://www.brtdata.org/#/country/Asia/India
31 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: Data collection
Segment
BRT Stop
(buffer area)
Block
BRT Stop Jardim Botanico
Curitiba (Brazil) BRT stops studied
Curitiba (Brazil)
Source: Rodriguez and Vergel (2012)
32 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: Audit Land uses, heights, consolidation, density,
quality of construction, parking
Public spaces,
facilities,
pedestrian
supports
Pedestrian
Environment
Data
Scan PEDS
Tipo de Desarrollo Urbano:
Portal _______ Intercambiador________ Parada _________ 0 - 250mts___________250 - 500mts___________ Previo____Durante Const BRT____Posterior BRT_____
0. Tipo de Segmento 0. Tipo de Segmento 0. Tipo de Segmento 0. Tipo de Segmento
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
A. Entorno Medio Ambiente Construido A. Entorno Medio Ambiente Construido A. Entorno Medio Ambiente Construido A. Entorno Medio Ambiente Construido
1. Usos del Suelo (seleccionar todos los presentes) 1. Usos del Suelo (seleccionar todos los presentes) 1. Usos del Suelo (seleccionar todos los presentes) 1. Usos del Suelo (seleccionar todos los presentes)
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
10 10 10 10
11 11 11 11
2. Altura Edificios (numero de pisos) 2. Altura Edificios (numero de pisos) 2. Altura Edificios (numero de pisos) 2. Altura Edificios (numero de pisos)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2_3 2 2_3 2 2_3 2 2_3 2
4_5 3 4_5 3 4_5 3 4_5 3
Mas de 5 Mas de 5 Mas de 5 Mas de 5
No hay ninguno No hay ninguno No hay ninguno No hay ninguno
3. Densidad Urbana 3. Densidad Urbana 3. Densidad Urbana 3. Densidad Urbana
Baja 1 Baja 1 Baja 1 Baja 1
Media 2 Media 2 Media 2 Media 2
Alta 3 Alta 3 Alta 3 Alta 3
4. Nivel Consolidacion 4. Nivel Consolidacion 4. Nivel Consolidacion 4. Nivel Consolidacion
Bajo 1 Bajo 1 Bajo 1 Bajo 1
Medio 2 Medio 2 Medio 2 Medio 2
Alto 3 3 3 3
5. Estado Construcciones 5. Estado Construcciones 5. Estado Construcciones 5. Estado Construcciones
Bajo 1 Bajo 1 Bajo 1 Bajo 1
Medio 2 Medio 2 Medio 2 Medio 2
Alto 3 3 3 3
B. Comentarios Adicionales B. Comentarios Adicionales B. Comentarios Adicionales B. Comentarios Adicionales
Frente a Corredor BRT 1 Frente a Corredor BRT 1 Frente a Corredor BRT 1 Frente a Corredor BRT 1
Vehiculos Estacionados en la Calle 2 Vehiculos Estacionados en la Calle 2 Vehiculos Estacionados en la Calle 2 Vehiculos Estacionados en la Calle 2
Desarrollos en Altura 3 Desarrollos en Altura 3 Desarrollos en Altura 3 Desarrollos en Altura 3
Fuera Area de Influencia 4 Fuera Area de Influencia 4 Fuera Area de Influencia 4 Fuera Area de Influencia 4
1 5 1 5
2 6 2 6
3 7 3 7
4 8 4 8
Especificar Otros: Otro 9 Otro 9
Nombre Estacion:__________________ID#:________'_
Fecha:_________________Hora:_______________ Troncal: ________________________________ # Cuadrante:1 ______2______3______4______ BLOCK_ID_N:__________________________
Segmento 1 Segmento 2 Segmento 3 Segmento 4
Via de bajo volumen (2- Carriles) Via de bajo volumen (2- Carriles)
Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial
Ciudad: __________________________ID#:________ Tipo de Estacion: Area de Influencia:
Via de bajo volumen (2- Carriles) Via de bajo volumen (2- Carriles)
Via de alto volumen (3+ Carriles) Via de alto volumen (3+ Carriles) Via de alto volumen (3+ Carriles) Via de alto volumen (3+ Carriles)
Segmento Peatonal Segmento Peatonal Segmento Peatonal Segmento Peatonal
Comercial/Residencial Comercial/Residencial Comercial/Residencial Comercial/Residencial
Comercial NETO Comercial NETO Comercial NETO Comercial NETO
Comercial MEDIO Comercial MEDIO Comercial MEDIO Comercial MEDIO
Residencial Sencillo Residencial Sencillo Residencial Sencillo Residencial Sencillo
Residencial Multifamiliar Residencial Multifamiliar Residencial Multifamiliar Residencial Multifamiliar
Industrial/Comercial Industrial/Comercial Industrial/Comercial Industrial/Comercial
Alto Alto Alto
Parqueaderos Parqueaderos Parqueaderos Parqueaderos
Vacante/No desarrollado Vacante/No desarrollado Vacante/No desarrollado Vacante/No desarrollado
Institutional Institutional Institutional Institutional
Parque/Zona Verde Parque/Zona Verde Parque/Zona Verde Parque/Zona Verde
Alto Alto Alto
Centro de Salud/Hospital Deportivo/Recreacion Plazoletas Cicloruta
Espacio Publico Sistema BRT, Especificar Otros:
C. Equipamientos: D. Espacio Publico:
Gran Superficie (acceso automovil) Templo/Iglesia Zonas Verdes Alamedas
Gran Superficie (acceso peaton) Biblioteca Parques Calles Peatonales
Escuela/Centro Educativo Plaza de Mercado/Ferias Plazas Areas Puentes Peatonales
Block
level
Segment-level
Source: Rodriguez and Vergel (2012)
33 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: BRT Stops
Identify stops with different conditions
Confirmed/reconsidered with local planners
5
7
9
6
9
7 8
12
21
4.4%
13.2%
8.0%
31.6%
50.0%
8.9% 16.0%
57.1%
19.3%
Bogotá Sao Paulo(Corredor
ABD)
Curitiba Goiânia Ciudad deGuatemala
Quito Guayaquil Indore Ahmedabad
33
India 51
Latin America
Source: Rodriguez and Vergel (2012), Vergel (2013)
34 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: BRT Terminals
Identify stops with different conditions
Confirmed/reconsidered with local planners
5 5
7
5
1
5
3
0 0
71.4% 62.5%
23.3%
100.0%
33.3%
45.5%
100.0%
Bogotá Sao Paulo(Corredor
ABD)
Curitiba Goiânia Ciudad deGuatemala
Quito Guayaquil Indore Ahmedabad
31 Latin America
Source: Rodriguez and Vergel (2012), Vergel (2013)
35 ledsgp.org
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
BRT-oriented land uses BRT unsupportive land uses
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
% seg 2-lanes % seg 3-lanes % seg-peds
BRT corridor
Indore
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Source: Vergel (2013) 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Segment types
Density of land uses per BRT stop (sum of segments by land use / gross area)
• BRT-oriented land uses: commercial, residential, and institutional
• BRT-unsupportive land uses: industrial, industrial & commercial, and vacant
36 ledsgp.org
BRT
Ahmedabad
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
BRT-oriented land uses BRT unsupportive land uses
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
% seg 2-lanes % seg 3-lanes % seg-peds
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Source: Vergel (2013)
Segment types
• BRT-oriented land uses: commercial, residential, and
institutional
• BRT-unsupportive land uses: industrial, industrial &
commercial, and vacant
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
8 9 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Density of land uses per BRT stop (sum of segments by land use / gross area)
37 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: Areas audited 177.30
101.92 100.50
118.64 131.60
118.75
151.09
92.83
172.86
0
50
100
150
200
Bogota Sao Paulo Curitiba Goiânia Guatemala Quito Guayaquil Indore Ahmedabad
49.60
30.92 28.44
35.27 39.00
31.42
44.18
26.33
33.81
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Bogota Sao Paulo Curitiba Goiânia Guatemala Quito Guayaquil Indore Ahmedabad
City No. BRT Stops & Terminals Segments
Bogota 10 1,773
Sao Paulo 12 1,223
Curitiba 16 1,608
Goiânia 11 1,305
Guatemala 10 1,316
Quito 12 1,425
Guayaquil 11 1,662
Indore 12 1,114
Ahmedabad 21 3,630
Total 115 15,056
City No. BRT Stops & Terminals Blocks
Bogota 10 496
Sao Paulo 12 371
Curitiba 16 455
Goiânia 11 388
Guatemala 10 390
Quito 12 377
Guayaquil 11 486
Indore 12 316
Ahmedabad 21 710
Total 115 3,989
Segments/BRT stop (Average 129.5)
Blocks/BRT stop (Average 35.44)
38 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: Areas audited
63.20
43.14 48.78
64.33
89.88
66.43
102.13 92.83
172.86
0
50
100
150
200
Bogota Sao Paulo(ABD)
Curitiba Goiânia Ciudad deGuatemala
Quito Guayaquil Indore Ahmedabad
19.20
14.43 16.00
20.50
27.88
19.00
30.00
26.33
33.81
0
10
20
30
40
50
Bogota Sao Paulo(ABD)
Curitiba Goiânia Ciudad deGuatemala
Quito Guayaquil Indore Ahmedabad
City # Simple stops Segments
Bogota 5 316
Sao Paulo (ABD) 7 302
Curitiba 9 439
Goiânia 6 386
Ciudad de Guatemala 8 719
Quito 7 465
Guayaquil 8 817
Indore 12 1,114
Ahmedabad 21 3,630
Total 83 8,188
City # Simple stops Blocks
Bogota 5 96
Sao Paulo (ABD) 7 101
Curitiba 9 144
Goiânia 6 123
Ciudad de Guatemala 8 223
Quito 7 133
Guayaquil 8 240
Indore 12 316
Ahmedabad 21 710
Total 83 2,086
Segments/BRT stop (Average 82.62)
Blocks/BRT stop (Average 23.02)
39 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
X1……...X38
O1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
O82
Data matrix
X1……...X38
O1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
O82
Data matrix
F1...Fk
Built
Environment FACTORS
Built
Environment raw variables
aggregated at BRT
stop level
• Land Use
• Building Heights
• Density
• Development
• Building heights
• Public Space
• Housing
• Parking
• Sidewalks
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Factor 5
Factor 6
Factor 7
Factor 8
Factor 9
India
Latin
America
Methodology: Factor Analysis
Source: Rodriguez, Vergel (2012)
40 ledsgp.org
BRT CORRIDOR BRT CORRIDOR
BRT CORRIDOR BRT CORRIDOR
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Methodology: Cluster Analysis
BRT
STOP
Type 1
BRT
STOP
Type 2
BRT
STOP
Type 3
BRT
STOP
Type 4
BRT STOP TYPOLOGY CONCEPT
Source: Rodriguez, Vergel (2012)
41 ledsgp.org
Outline
I. Background
II. Literature review
III. Research questions and methodology
IV.BRT stop typologies in Latin America
and India
V. Comparative approach of BRT typologies
VI.Discussion and acknowledgements
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
42 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Factor Analysis: Latin America
# Variable
Pedestrian
friendly,
connected
green and
public spaces
(Factor 1)
Non-core
single
family
attached
(Factor 2)
High
density
residential
multifamily
(Factor 3)
Undeveloped
land
(Factor 4)
High
condition
mixed use
areas
(Factor 5)
High
condition
green
spaces
(Factor 6)
BRT-O
public
facilities
(Factor 7)
Commercial
large-scale
development
(Factor 8)
Consolidated
non-industrial
fabric (Factor
9)
1 Facility index 0.66
2 Facility density 0.48 -0.42
3 BRT-oriented facility
index
0.74
4 BRT-oriented facility
density
0.54
5 Green areas’
density 0.97
6 Park density 0.93
7 NMT friendliness 0.94
8 Land use index 0.59
9 Commercial 0.45
10 Industrial -0.56
11 Residential single
family (attached)
0.85
12 Residential
multifamily
0.82
13 Mixed: Industrial-
commercial
-0.60
14 Vacant 0.94
15 Institutional*
16 Green 0.67 0.42
Eigenvalue 6.64 4.94 4.16 3.06 2.24 1.89 1.60 1.16 1.02
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.88 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.67 0.70 0.69 0.64 0.61
Note: factor loadings <0.40 are left blank.
*Variables with all factor loadings <|0.40| Results continue on next slide Source: Rodriguez, Vergel (2012)
43 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Factor Analysis: Latin America
# Variable
Pedestrian
friendly,
connected green
and public
spaces
(Factor 1)
Non-core
single
family
attached
(Factor 2)
High
density
residential
multifamily
(Factor 3)
Undeveloped
land
(Factor 4)
High
condition
mixed use
areas
(Factor 5)
High
condition
green
spaces
(Factor 6)
BRT-O
public
facilities
(Factor 7)
Commercial
large-scale
development
(Factor 8)
Consolidated
non-
industrial
fabric (Factor
9)
17 BRT-oriented land
uses
0.84
18 BRT unsupportive land
uses*
19 High density 0.55
20 Low height 0.66
21 Medium height 0.46
22 High height 0.92
23 No Height 0.85
24 Low consolidation 0.68
25 High consolidation 0.44 0.42 26 Low condition 0.42 -0.60
27 Medium condition -0.82
28 High condition 0.55 0.52
29 High rise development 0.88
30 Commercial and
parking
0.76
31 Vacant and BRT 0.70
32 Segment on BRT -0.69
33 On street parking -0.65
34 Vacant on trinary
35 Entropy 0.42 0.71
36 Distance to CBD 0.57
37 Segment density 0.67
Eigenvalue 6.64 4.94 4.16 3.06 2.24 1.89 1.60 1.16 1.02
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.88 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.67 0.70 0.69 0.64 0.61
Note: factor loadings <0.40 are left blank. *Variables with all factor loadings <|0.40| Source: Rodriguez, Vergel (2012)
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT Typologies: Latin America 1 (n=17) 2 (n=1) 3 (n=7) 4 (n=12) 5 (n=2)
6 (n=11) 7 (n=5) 8 (n=16) 9 (n=5) 10 (n=5)
Mean
Factor1 -0.29
Factor2 -0.46
Factor4 -0.58
Factor5 0.70
Institutional 0.71
BRTO land use -0.81
Pop density -0.15
Mean
Factor1 1.87
Factor2 -2.41
Factor4 -0.82
Factor5 0.01
Institutional 4.63
BRTO land use -1.20
Pop density -0.31
Mean
Factor1 0.23
Factor2 -0.25
Factor4 0.06
Factor5 -0.46
Institutional -0.46
BRTO land use -0.62
Pop density 0.73
Mean
Factor1 0.15
Factor2 0.17
Factor4 0.06
Factor5 0.24
Institutional -0.58
BRTO land use -0.33
Pop density 0.33
Mean
Factor1 4.57
Factor2 0.52
Factor4 -0.16
Factor5 0.33
Institutional -0.26
BRTO land use -0.48
Pop density 2.53
Mean
Factor1 -0.39
Factor2 -0.55
Factor4 -0.39
Factor5 -0.50
Institutional -0.72
BRTO land use -0.07
Pop density -0.76
Mean
Factor1 -0.62
Factor2 -1.05
Factor4 -0.77
Factor5 -0.52
Institutional -0.52
BRTO land use 0.50
Pop density -0.84
Mean
Factor1 -0.08
Factor2 0.84
Factor4 0.46
Factor5 0.54
Institutional 0.17
BRTO land use 1.29
Pop density -0.16
Mean
Factor1 0.10
Factor2 1.63
Factor4 -0.40
Factor5 -1.35
Institutional -0.25
BRTO land use 0.13
Pop density 1.00
Mean
Factor1 -0.15
Factor2 -0.51
Factor4 2.65
Factor5 -0.75
Institutional 0.81
BRTO land use 0.48
Pop density -0.26
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT STOP
PLAZA GRANDE
Historic Center QUITO
BRT STOP
TYPE 2 Latin America
0.86
-1.26
4.63
-0.31
-0.82
-2.41
1.87
Institutional land use
Non-core single family attached
Pedestrian friendly and
public spaces
Undeveloped land
Population density
Centrality
Segment density
Mean Values (factors and standardized variables)
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT Typologies: Latin America BRT STOP
TYPE 5
Latin America
3.24
0.21
-0.26
2.53
-0.16
0.52
4.57 Pedestrian friendly
and public spaces
Non-core single family attached
Mean Values (factors and standardized variables)
Undeveloped land
Population density
Institutional land use
Centrality
Segment density
BRT TERMINAL
CALLE 80 BOGOTÁ
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Factor Analysis: India # Variable
BRT-OD Facility-
high dense built-
up & rickshaws
(Factor 1)
Slums NMT
friendly & low
height
(Factor 2)
BRT-OD land uses
consolidated and
connected
(Factor 3)
Green
spaces and
parks
(Factor 4)
High-rise good
condition &
vacant BRT
(Factor 5)
Noncore mixed
areas facing
BRT
(Factor 6)
1 Public facility index 0.90
2 Public facility density 0.86
3 BRT-oriented facility index 0.80
4 BRT-oriented facility density 0.78
5 Green areas’ density 0.94
6 Park density 0.95
7 NMT friendliness 0.80
8 Rickshaw/street vendors density 0.55
9 Land use index*
10 Average block size -0.48
11 Segment on BRT 0.49
12 BRT-oriented land uses 0.86
13 BRT unsupportive land uses -0.82
14 Low building height 0.87
15 High-rise 0.77
16 High urban density 0.60
17 High development level -0.58 0.46
18 High condition & maintenance -0.47 0.47
19 Slums 0.88
20 Commercial and parking -0.69
21 Vacant and BRT 0.54
22 Entropy 0.69
23 Distance to CBD 0.62
24 Segment density 0.72 0.46
Eigenvalue 5.09 4.76 2.97 1.92 1.47 1.15
Cronbach’s Alpha 0.87 0.84 0.77 0.96 0.56 0.60 Note: Factors loading <|0.40| are left blank. *Land use index is the only variable did not load in any factor
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT Typologies: India 1 (n=1) 2 (n=1) 3 (n=3) 4 (n=3) 5 (n=1)
6 (n=2) 7 (n=7) 8 (n=2) 9 (n=2) 10 (n=3)
11 (n=2) 12 (n=2) 13 (n=2) 14 (n=1) 15 (n=1)
BRT-OD LU -2.01
Green spaces and parks -0.69
Entropy -0.08
Segment density -0.95
Average block size 1.17
Sidewalks -0.45
BRT-OD LU -1.67
Green spaces and parks 0.10
Entropy 0.23
Segment density -0.34
Average block size -0.74
Sidewalks -0.81
BRT-OD LU 0.06
Green spaces and parks 1.14
Entropy -0.61
Segment density -0.62
Average block size -0.10
Sidewalks 0.19
BRT-OD LU 1.47
Green spaces and parks -1.04
Entropy 0.56
Segment density 0.37
Average block size 0.01
Sidewalks 0.97
BRT-OD LU 1.38
Green spaces and parks 0.13
Entropy 0.45
Segment density 0.59
Average block size 0.81
Sidewalks 0.53
BRT-OD LU -1.79
Green spaces and parks -0.09
Entropy 0.76
Segment density -0.89
Average block size 0.37
Sidewalks -0.71
BRT-OD LU -0.13
Green spaces and parks 0.43
Entropy -0.07
Segment density -0.30
Average block size -0.41
Sidewalks 0.34
BRT-OD LU -0.94
Green spaces and parks -0.47
Entropy 0.19
Segment density -1.35
Average block size 2.78
Sidewalks 1.50
BRT-OD LU 0.76
Green spaces and parks -0.21
Entropy 1.09
Segment density -0.51
Average block size -0.07
Sidewalks 0.26
BRT-OD LU -0.34
Green spaces and parks -1.01
Entropy -1.20
Segment density 0.44
Average block size 0.76
Sidewalks -1.04
BRT-OD LU 0.08
Green spaces and parks -0.58
Entropy 1.24
Segment density 1.51
Average block size -1.03
Sidewalks -0.80
BRT-OD LU 0.23
Green spaces and parks 0.39
Entropy -0.16
Segment density 2.27
Average block size -1.11
Sidewalks -0.86
BRT-OD LU 0.64
Green spaces and parks -0.07
Entropy -0.82
Segment density -0.64
Average block size -0.12
Sidewalks -0.02
BRT-OD LU 0.89
Green spaces and parks -1.22
Entropy -1.53
Segment density 0.73
Average block size -1.16
Sidewalks -1.45
BRT-OD LU 0.82
Green spaces and parks 3.46
Entropy 0.57
Segment density 0.72
Average block size -0.91
Sidewalks 0.73
49 ledsgp.org
BRT STOP
TYPE 15
India
BRT STOP
SHASTRINAGAR AHMEDABAD
0.82
3.46
0.57
0.72
-0.91
0.73
Mean Values (factors and standardized variables)
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT-OD LU consolidated
and connected
Green spaces and parks
Entropy
Segment density
Average block size
Sidewalks
50 ledsgp.org
BRT STOP
TYPE 8
India
BRTS STOP
ISKON MANDIR AHMEDABAD
-0.94
-0.47
0.19
-1.35
2.78
1.50
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Mean Values (factors and standardized variables)
BRT-OD LU consolidated and connected
Green spaces and parks
Entropy
Segment density
Average block size
Sidewalks
51 ledsgp.org
Outline
I. Background
II. Literature review
III. Research questions and methodology
IV.BRT stop typologies in Latin America and
India
V. Comparative approach of BRT typologies
VI.Discussion and acknowledgements
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
52 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT typology Latin America
Source: Rodriguez, Vergel (2013)
Built environment factors per BRT typology (mean values per cluster)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1(n=17)
2(n=1)
3(n=7)
4(n=12)
5(n=2)
6(n=11)
7(n=5)
8(n=16)
9(n=5)
10(n=5)
Pedestrian Friendly, Connected Green Areas and Public Spaces High density residential multifamily
High condition mixed use area BRT OD facilities
Institutional Land Use Population Density
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT typology Latin America Built environment factors per BRT typology
(mean values per cluster)
Source: Rodriguez, Vergel (2013)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
1(n=17)
2(n=1)
3(n=7)
4(n=12)
5(n=2)
6(n=11)
7(n=5)
8(n=16)
9(n=5)
10(n=5)
Non-core Single Family attached Undeveloped Land Consolidated Non-industrial fabric BRT unsupportive land uses
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT typology India Built environment factors per BRT typology
(mean values per cluster)
Source: Vergel (2013)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
1(n=1)
2(n=1)
3(n=3)
4(n=3)
5(n=1)
6(n=2)
7(n=7)
8(n=2)
9(n=2)
10(n=3)
11(n=2)
12(n=2)
13(n=2)
14(n=1)
15(n=1)
BRT-OD Facility-high dense built-up & rickshaws
BRT-OD land uses consolidated and connected
Green spaces and parks
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
BRT typology India Built environment factors per BRT typology
(mean values per cluster)
Source: Vergel (2013)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1(n=1)
2(n=1)
3(n=3)
4(n=3)
5(n=1)
6(n=2)
7(n=7)
8(n=2)
9(n=2)
10(n=3)
11(n=2)
12(n=2)
13(n=2)
14(n=1)
15(n=1)
Slums NMT friendly & connectivity High-rise good condition & vacant BRT
Noncore mixed facing BRT Land use index
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Comparison BRT typologies TOD indicators: nonmotorized transport NMT
-10
12
3
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (
nm
t_fr
ien
dlin
ess )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
02
46
8
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (p
ed
_fr
ien
de
ns)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Density of parks, plazas, pocket parks, boulevards, pedestrian alleys, pedestrian
bridges, bicycleways
Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value
Latin America (mean value 57.06*, n=82)
India (mean value 155.5*, n=33)
57 ledsgp.org
-3-2
-10
12
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (
en
tro
py )
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-3-2
-10
12
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (e
ntr
op
y)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Comparison BRT typologies TOD indicators: Entropy
evenness in the distribution of commercial, residential and institutional land uses Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value
Latin America (mean value 0.56*, n=82)
India (mean value 0.61*, n=33)
(n=1) (n=1) (n=3) (n=3) (n=1) (n=2) (n=7) (n=2) (n=2) (n=3) (n=2) (n=2) (n=2) (n=1) (n=1)
-0.08 0.23 -0.61 0.56 0.45 0.76 -0.07 0.19 1.09 -1.20 1.24 -0.16 -0.82 -1.53 0.57
(n=17) (n=1) (n=7) (n=12) (n=2) (n=11) (n=5) (n=16) (n=5) (n=5)
0.78 -0.44 0.26 -0.23 0.37 -0.88 -1.23 0.40 -0.47 -0.05 Mean Mean
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
-10
12
3
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (
vaca
nt
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-10
12
3
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (v
acan
t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Comparison BRT typologies TOD indicators: Vacant land
Standardized values for comparison purposes Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value
Latin America (mean value 0.113*, n=82)
India (mean value 0.196*, n=33)
Segments with vacant land within the buffer area
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
-2-1
01
2
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (
com
me
rcia
l_p
ark
ing
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-2-1
01
2
Sta
nda
rdiz
ed
va
lues o
f (c
om
_p
ark
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Comparison BRT typologies TOD indicators: Commercial and parking
India (mean value 0.16*, n=33)
Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value Standardized values for comparison purposes *non-standardized value
Segments with commercial land uses and parking (on-street and off-street)
Latin America (mean value 0.30*, n=82)
60 ledsgp.org
Outline
I. Background
II. Literature review
III. Research questions and methodology
IV.BRT stop typologies in Latin America and
India
V. BRT and land development: Bogotá/Quito –
Ahmedabad/Indore
VI.Discussion and acknowledgements
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
61 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Discussion
BRT typologies of urban development in
Latin America and India:
Several cities in Latin America do not have
alleys so that usually blocks (squares -
rectangles) have four segments
Most cities in India have alleys generating
different block compositions and segments
Identification of BRT typologies separately for
comparison purposes between two regions at
different stages implementing BRT
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Discussion Does the typology capture city specific
factors?
Latin America (10 clusters)
BRT type 2 Quito (n=1, Historic center)
BRT type 7 Ciudad de Guatemala (n=5)
BRT type 3 mostly Brazil (n=6 out of 7)
India (15 clusters)
BRT types 1, 5, 6, 14 and 15 Ahmedabad (n=1)
BRT type 2 Indore (n=1)
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Discussion
BRT types with high transit orientation TOD
Latin America:
BRT type 5 (n=2): Bogota (Portal 80), Guayaquil
(Mercado Caraguay)
BRT type 3 (n=7): Curitiba(4), Sao Paulo (2),
Goiânia(1), Guayaquil (1)
India:
BRT type 9 (n=2): Ahmedabad (Anjali; Kankariya Lake)
BRT type 15 (n=1): Ahmedabad (Shastrinagar)
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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Discussion BRT typologies and TOD indicators:
NMT:
Latin America (multifamily residential and public spaces)
India (presence of slums)
Entropy: uses are highly mixed but with variations
across typologies
Latin America (0.56 entropy)
India (0.61 entropy)
Vacant land: urban expansion areas
Commercial and parking: consolidated areas and
big box developments
Compare with 0.25-0.26 for Atlanta;
San Francisco Bay Area;
Winston-Salem; Chicago
65 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Discussion
BRT stops and presence of affordable
housing and informal settlements (slums):
Differences:
Latin America: non-core housing far from activity
nodes
India: core and non-core housing with high levels of
pedestrian segments
Similarity:
Housing built or land occupation before the introduction
of the BRT
66 ledsgp.org
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and urban development in Latin America and India
Acknowledgements
Professor Daniel Rodriguez
Dr. Anjali Mahendra
Local governments
Transportation agencies
Participants
Friends and colleagues
67 ledsgp.org
TIME FOR Q&A
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68 ledsgp.org
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69 ledsgp.org
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