Buffer solution

رجبی امید دکتردارویی شیمی گروه دانشیار

Buffer solution

رجبی امید دکتردارویی شیمی گروه دانشیار

عمومی عمومی شیمی شیمی

•Buffer solutions are solutions that resist change in Hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion concentration (and consequently pH) upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution.

•Buffer solutions are solutions that resist change in Hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion concentration (and consequently pH) upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution.

• When an acid or base is added to water, the pH changes drastically.

• When an acid or base is added to water, the pH changes drastically.

• A buffer solution resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added.

• A buffer solution resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added.

BuffersBuffers

A buffer solution• Contains a combination of acid-base

conjugate pairs.• Contains a weak acid and a salt of

the conjugate base of that acid.• Typically has equal concentrations of

a weak acid and its salt.• May also contain a weak base and a

salt with the conjugate acid.

A buffer solution• Contains a combination of acid-base

conjugate pairs.• Contains a weak acid and a salt of

the conjugate base of that acid.• Typically has equal concentrations of

a weak acid and its salt.• May also contain a weak base and a

salt with the conjugate acid.

Components of a BufferComponents of a Buffer

• The acetic acid/acetate buffer contains acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium acetate (CH3COONa).

• The salt produces sodium and acetate ions.CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+

• The salt provides a higher concentration of the conjugate base CH3COO- than the weak acid.

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+ small amount Large amount

• The acetic acid/acetate buffer contains acetic acid (CH3COOH) and sodium acetate (CH3COONa).

• The salt produces sodium and acetate ions.CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+

• The salt provides a higher concentration of the conjugate base CH3COO- than the weak acid.

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+ small amount Large amount

Buffer Action Buffer Action

• The function of the weak acid is to neutralize a base. The acetate ion in the product adds to the available acetate.

CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O

• The function of the weak acid is to neutralize a base. The acetate ion in the product adds to the available acetate.

CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O

Function of the Weak AcidFunction of the Weak Acid

• The function of the acetate ion CH3COO- (conjugate base) is to neutralize H3O+ from acids. The weak acid product adds to the weak acid available. CH3COO- + H3O+ CH3COOH + H2O

• The function of the acetate ion CH3COO- (conjugate base) is to neutralize H3O+ from acids. The weak acid product adds to the weak acid available. CH3COO- + H3O+ CH3COOH + H2O

Function of the Conjugate BaseFunction of the Conjugate Base

• The weak acid in a buffer neutralizes base.• The conjugate base in the buffer neutralizes

acid. • The pH of the solution is maintained.

• The weak acid in a buffer neutralizes base.• The conjugate base in the buffer neutralizes

acid. • The pH of the solution is maintained.

Summary of Buffer ActionSummary of Buffer Action

pH of a BufferpH of a Buffer

• The [H3O+] in the Ka expression is used to determine the pH of a buffer.Weak acid + H2O H3O+ + Conjugate base

Ka = [H3O+][conjugate base] [weak acid]

[H3O+] = Ka x [weak acid] [conjugate base]

pH = -log [H3O+]

• The [H3O+] in the Ka expression is used to determine the pH of a buffer.Weak acid + H2O H3O+ + Conjugate base

Ka = [H3O+][conjugate base] [weak acid]

[H3O+] = Ka x [weak acid] [conjugate base]

pH = -log [H3O+]

Calculation of Buffer pHCalculation of Buffer pH

The weak acid H2PO4- in a blood buffer

H2PO4-/HPO4

2- has Ka = 6.2 x 10-8. What is the pH of the buffer if it is 0.20 M in both H2PO4

- and HPO4

2-?

[H3O+] = Ka x [H2PO4-]

[HPO42-]

[H3O+] = 6.2 x 10-8 x [0.20 M] = 6.2 x 10-8

[0.20 M]

pH = -log [6.2 x 10-8] = 7.21

The weak acid H2PO4- in a blood buffer

H2PO4-/HPO4

2- has Ka = 6.2 x 10-8. What is the pH of the buffer if it is 0.20 M in both H2PO4

- and HPO4

2-?

[H3O+] = Ka x [H2PO4-]

[HPO42-]

[H3O+] = 6.2 x 10-8 x [0.20 M] = 6.2 x 10-8

[0.20 M]

pH = -log [6.2 x 10-8] = 7.21

The Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: A practical application

Let's begin our discussion of the Henderson-Hasselbach Equation with a continuation of the dissociation constant derivation.

                            should be a familiar relationship . If we rearrange our equation to provide the [H3O

+] on the left side, we get

[H3O+] = Ka (HA)/(A-)

 (Notice that the ionized species of the acid is now in the denominator.)

Taking the negative log of both sides gives us easier numeric values to work with:

                                                  which can be rewritten

                                  

more familiarly

                               

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation