Bryer, Anthony and Winfield, David - Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, V.2

DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES

THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTSAND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE

PONTOS

THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTSAND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE

PONTOS

ANTHONY,BRYER and DAVID WINFIELDWith Maps and Plans by

RICHARD ANDERSON

and Drawings by

JUNE WINFIELD

Volume Two

PLATES

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and CollectionWashington, D.C.

WASHINGTON. D.C.

All correspondence and orders should be addressed to

Dumbarton Oaks Publications Office1703 32nd Street, N. W.Washington, D.C. 20007

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Bryer, Anthony.The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos.

(Dumbarton Oaks studies; 20)Bibliography: p.Includes index.1. Trebizond Empire-Antiquities, Byzantine. 2. Pontus

-Antiquities, Byzantine. 3. Trebizond Empire-Descriptionand travel. 4. Pontus-Description and travel.5. Names, Geographical-Trebizond Empire. 6. Names,Geographical-Turkey-Pontus. 7. Names, Geographical-Byzantine. I. Winfield, David. II. Title. III. Series.DF609.B78 1985 939'.33 84-1661ISBN 0-88402-122-X

Table of Contents

Volume Two

List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

List of Folded Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

List of Plates

la-25c. Sinopela. Tomb of the Ghazi Qelebib. Inscription 3

Inscription 42a. Tower 29, NE. Face, Position of Inscription 5b. Inscription 5

3a. Towers 1-4 (Types, B, C, and G), with Acropolis inBackground, from Tower 7

b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from E.4a. Tower 16 (Types G and L) from E.b. Section of Wall near Tower 22, showing Cribwork

(Type M)5a. Wall near Tower 22, Int. (Type M)b. Wall bet. Towers 22 and 23, Int. (Type M), showing

Blocked Archway6a. Wall near Tower 23, Int., showing Catwalk and

Entrance to Tower (Type M)b. View from Tower 24, looking W., showing Towers 25,

26, 40, and 297a. View from Tower 43, looking E., showing Tower 42

(Types A and *C), and Towers 27-23 (Type M)b. View from Tower 29, looking E., showing Towers

28-238a. Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing Cribwork

(Type M)b. Tower 30 from S. (Types A, B, C, E, and G)

9a. Acropolis, N. Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostlyType A) (note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)

b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 2810a,b. Tower 29, Gate

a. Interiorb. Exterior

l la. Tower and Gate 29 from W. (Types A, B, C, E, L,and M)

b. Citadel, S. Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked SeaGate (mostly Types B and G) from Site ofSubmerged Mole

12a-16b. "Palace," Balat12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening bet. Areas XVII and

XVIII at T, det.b. Area VIII, S. Arm, showing Springing of Vault

13. Area X, N. Wall, looking NE.14a. Area X, N. Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting

at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters bet.Blind Arches

b. Area II, W. Wall from W.15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault

b. Marble Column Base from Bema Screen or Ambo,Reused over Church Entrance, det.

16a. Wall at Q, N. of Area IX, showing Discontinued

Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity inBuilding

b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core andContinuous Brick Bonding Courses

17-24a. Balat Kilise17a,b. Looking NE. toward-Church Entrance

a. General Viewb. Note Springing of Cross Vault near Reused Marble

Sculpture18. Vault, E. Side. Evangelist Symbols19-20b. S. Wall.19. Sacrifice of Isaac20a. Maccabees Abelbous and Ourias

b. Sacrifice of Isaac and Annunciation21a,b. Wide W. Arch, Reveal

a. St. Panteleimonb. St. Barbara

22a. S. Wall. Visitationb. Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene

23. S. Door, Int., Tympanum. Inscription24a. Ext., S. Door, Lunette. Koimesis24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. Ismael

b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church SW. ofWalled City

c. Balat Kilise, Ext., W. Wall, S. Side, Niche. Archangel26a,b. Amisos (Samsun)

a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course Bunker ofMilitary Base. Head of Spring

b. Erkek Sanat Enstitusii, Floor Mosaic. SymbolicFigure

27a,b. Oinaiona. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wallb. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of

Causeway28. Kekirkalesi, near Jerphanion's Kainochorion29. caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb

and Summit from NE.30a-40b. Neokaisareia30a. Unidentified Ruin SW. of Town, possibly Pilgrim

Church of St. Gregory Thaumatourgosb. Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone

Courses31a,b. General Views

a. Looking SW. from Tomb of the Melik Ghazib. From E. (ca. 1890)

32a-34a. Castle "Church"32a. Looking E-NE.

b. Ruins of Lateral Chambers, S. Side, from SE.33a. Int., looking N.

LIST OF PLATES

b.Int., looking NE.34a. Int., Corbel at NE. Angle and Earthenware Jar built

into Masonry34b. Arch, possibly of S. Gate to Inner Citadel35a,b. Citadel, S. Bailey

a. Wall at SW. Cornerb. SW. End with "Church." 19th-cent. Police Station

in foreground36. Looking NE. toward Inner Citadel from S. Bailey37a-c. Citadel

a. Inner Citadel, E. Wallb. Inner Wall, SW. Cornerc. Inner Wall, NW. Corner

38a,b. Citadel, Wall bet. Inner Citadel and Inner CitadelBailey

a. General Viewb. Wooden Beam Work, det.

39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on E.Side

b. Town Wall, E. Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower40a. Citadel, Wall bet. N. and Inner Citadel Baileys,

showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and laterRepair above

b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine capital41a,b. Evkaf Koyii Kale

a. Castle on Wooded Hill E. of Fatsa Dereoverlooking Road S., View from W.

b. SE. Bastion42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription43a-c. Boloman Kale

a. General View from E.b. Cruciform Church, Exposed N. Wall and Doorc. Cruciform Church, SW. Pendentive

44. Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurensfor Hell, 1846)

45a,b. Boloman Kalea. Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik, from

SE.b. Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting

through E. Wall of Castle46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking NE., with Arrow

marking Yukari Kale47-48c. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale47. Looking N., with Ruin of N. Gate in r. foreground48a. Citadel

b. N. Side, Outer Baileyc. Looking S. from Citadel to Lykos River

49a,b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 186849c. Bayadl Koyii, Wall50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from W.50b. Hoynat Kale from S.51 a. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore bet. Bulancak and Piraziz51b. Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Spring-head or Cistern on

Summit52-61. Kerasous52. Looking E. from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper

Gate and Keep at 2. and Island of Ares below: E.Harbor and Suburb at c.; Castle and Twin Peaks ofGedik Kaya at r. (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

53. View from N-NE., with Walled Town belowAcropolis and Keep to W., Dikmen Tepe behind E.Suburb at c., and Gedik Kaya to E. (afterTournefort, 1701)

54a. View from E., with Ridge Wall and Keep at top 1.(Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared (ca.1893)

b. View from E.55a,b. E. Ridge Wall

a. Int. looking S. with Cat-walk of Classical Masonryb. Looking N. toward Keep with Monument to

Topah Osman Aga at 1.56a. "To the east ... the ancient walls may be traced

almost the whole way from the castle to the sea,where I observed an arched Hellenic gateway,blocked up with masonry of the same style, asshown in the accompanying woodcut; beyondwhich was a high tower overgrown with ivy"(Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The(apparently Northern) classical gate no longersurvives.

b. NE. Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares57a,b. Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor

a. View from Int.b. Det., Masonry on N. Side

58a. Classical Gateway through E. Ridge Wall, N. Sideb. E. Ridge Wall, Int., with Cat-walk of Classical

Masonry below59a-60b. Citadel Keep59a. Int., N. Wall and Rock-cut Features

b. Part of Window and possible Gate in NW. Wall, Int.60a. Niche in N. Wall

b. S. Entrance, Int.61. Mosaic Floor6la-63. Gedik Kaya Kilise62a. General View, looking W.

b. Foundations of Church, General Viewc. Foundations of Church

63. Rock-cut Tomb64a,b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi

a. General View, looking Nb. SW. Tower, Ext.

65a-67b. Giresun Adasi65a. N. Walls, Int., General View

b. N. Walls, Interior Masonry, det.c. SW. Tower, Int., with Kerasous at 1. and Dikmen

Tepe at c. backgroundd. Niche in W. Wall, Int.

66. NW. Tower67a. Keep, Int.

b. Keep, Ext., from S.68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from N., with

Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at I., Fordacross Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at c., and Castle onPeak beyond

68b. Kalecik-Hisarustii (Kenchrina?), General View fromW., with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behindRock Promontory

69a-73. Tripolis

LIST OF PLATES

69a. View from E-NE., with Kilise Burunu (r.background) and Ottoman Quruk Kale below,Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (r.c.),Mouth of Philabonites (foreshortened), andperhaps Petroma (Rock at I.) with Halkavalabelow (after Tournefort, 1701)

b. Quruk Kale, Site of W. Castle70a-72b. Kuruca Kale70a. View from SE., after building of New Coastal Road

b. View from S., before building of New Coastal Road71a. Pointed Projections E. of Entrance

b. Remains of Quay SW. of Kuruca Kale72a. Battery at NW. Corner

b. Steps to Entrance73. Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking NW.,

from Vantage Point at SE. Round Projection(Entrance at bottom 1.), and Tower at c. I. replacedby Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

74a-75. Petroma74a. Castle, Steps to S. Entrance

b. Castle, Int., looking E. to Vaulted Tunnel75. Rocky Peak at 1, from W. Bank of Philabonites,

looking E-NE.76-77b. Suma Kale76, From E.77a. N. Wall, showing Beams at Base

b. View from W.78a-83a. $ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of

Koloneia78a. View from SW.

b. E. Section of Castle Walls from S.79a. Castle Walls from W., showing Position of Blocked

Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at I.) andPresent Gate (bet. Round Towers at r.)

b. Int. of Castle, General View from S., showing Ext. ofPresent Gate (bottom l.), Church Site(foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), andCitadel and Keep (top r.)

80a,b. Blocked Former Gatea. Exteriorb. Interior

81a,b. Citadel Entrancea. Ext. from S.b. Int. from N.

82a. Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at I.)to N. Tower of Present Gate (at r.)

b. Present Gate, Ext., with N. Tower at 1.83a. Cistern Entrance83b. $ebinkarahisar, Birogul, Byzantine Wall84a-87b. Koralla84a. General View from S-SE, before building of New

Coastal Road84b-85b. Inner Bailey84b. From SW.85a. Walls, SE. Corner85b. Walls, NW. Corner86. Middle and Inner Baileys from S.87a. Oil or Wine Press on W. Side

b. Loopholes bet. Inner and Middle Baileys

88a-89b. Gelida Kale88a. Ce5me Onii Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from

E.b. Yoros Burunu Kale from W. before building of New

Coastal Road89a. S. Wall, Ext., looking W.

b View from W.90a-92b. Kordyle90a. From S-SE. (ca. 1890)

b. From S-SE., General View91a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Ext., looking NE.

toward Projecting Towerb. Castle, Int. looking toward Westernmost Corner,

showing Break in Wall at r. indicating ProjectingTower, and Window in Wall at 1. above HiddenDoor to Projecting Keep.

92a. Keep, Ext. from SW.b. Keep, Int., Middle and Upper Storey Windows

93a-d. Fol Maden, Churcha. From SW.b. Apses, Ext.c. Apses, Int.d. N. Conch. Traces of Painting

94-96b. Trikomia94. Central Kalenima Dere, looking W. from near

Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe(Horovi) at 1., and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) attop r.

95a. Visera, Church from SE. (1929)b. Visera, Church from SW. (1959)c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from W.

96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), E. Wallb. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse.

Ropework Decoration, det.97-99a. Mumya Kale97. Walls, Int., looking S. down Cheriana (SSiran) Valley to

Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley infar distance, with at upper 1.

98a. View from S.b. Structure on Summit

99a. Looking SW. to Nor5un, at least Two Walls, Ext.99b-100. Tarsos (A§agi Tersun, now Giilceker)99b. Fortified Church100. Fortified Church, N. Wall Painting, Martyr (I.) and

Military Saint (r.)101a,b. A§agi Akcah (formerly Hayduruk),

SarayciklOla. N. Piece of Masonry, det.

b. Basilica, looking SE.102a,b. Kelora (Kalur, now Qakirkaya)

a. View from Village toward Forts on Lykos (Kelkit)River

b. Kalur Kale, Fort103a-104b. Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle103a. Looking E. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of

Vicus Settlement.b. Looking E., General View

104a. Looking W. down Lykos (Kelkit) Riverb. N. Wall, Masonry

x LIST OF PLATES

105a. Trebizond from E. (after Tournefort, 1701)105b-106. Daphnous105b. From Lower Church of St. Sabbas, looking W.

toward St. Eleutheri6s and Leontokastron.Original Drawing for Curzon (1843), pl. opp.p. 175, from Coll. of Francis Witts Esq., UpperSlaughter Manor, inscribed: "The quarantine atTrebizond, from a ruined chapel, to the N.E.-1843. The city of Trebizond lies just over the hill.The high building on the rocky point, is an oldpalace, now made use of, as the quarantine."

106. From W. (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (c. foreground)and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, FrankishCemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below BozTepe (r. background), and Mouth of Pyxites (l.background) with Hotz-Kymena District beyond

107-192b. Trebizond107. SE. Suburb from N. (ca. 1893), with Enclosure of

Panagia Theoskepastos in r. background108. Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with

Daphnous Harbor (I. foreground), Meydan (darksquare at upper r.): at r. New Coastal Road whichdestroyed E. Foreshore, although Former GreekFrontisterion survives in r. foreground

109a. Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus AureliusApolinaris of Legio XV Apollinaris

b. Lower City, E. Wall. Malediction of 1302, andRegulations of 1314 for Corps of Nightwatchmen(now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul),photographed in situ (ca. 1890)

110a. Middle City, Foot of NW. Wall, Classical Masonryb. Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at 1.)

from SW.11 la. Exedra bet. Middle City and Citadel, Classical

Masonry, from E.b. Zagnos Koprusu, S. Side, Classical Masonry

(arrows)112a,b. Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4

a. View from S-SW. (ca. 1940)b. View from SW.

113. Lower City, W. Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription ofAlexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps relatedto Tower (double exposure, 1893)

114. Relief Blocks115a-116b. Lower City11 5a. Molos Kapisi from N.

b. Tower E. of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Int.116a,b. Sea Tower at NE. Corner (now destroyed) from

NW.a. From NW.b. From SE. (Hunter, 1899)

117a-118b. Middle City, Zagnos KoprusuI17a. S. Side, Masonry, det.

b. S. Side, MasonryI18a. Ravine Stream, S. Side

b. Ravine Stream, N. Side119a,b. Middle City, W. Wall

a. S. of Zagnos Koprusub. N. of Zagnos Koprusu

120-121a. Middle City120. Tabakhane Koprusu and E. Wall from N. (ca. 1893),

showing Complete N. Curtain Wall of Citadel, Topof Tower of John IV at 1. and Structure EncasingExedra at r.

121a. Byzantine Wall and Window N. of Chrysokephalos121b-124a. Citadel121b. N. Wall Feature 3, Masonry E2122. General View from SE., with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in

Foreground and Giilbahar Hatun Camii beyondCitadel (telephoto lens distorts scale)

123a,b. N. Wall (Feature 5) showing Ottoman Gate G.attached to Wall E2

a. View from NE.b. View from NE. Corner

124a. N. Wall, Int. bet. Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,with Traces of Earlier Foundations

124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, UnknownStructure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrineof St. Athanasios the Exorcist

125a-148b. Citadel125a. NE. Corner, Ext. (Feature 8), showing Curve at r.

mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3on D3, with Blocked Crenellations Midway upWall, on about Five Courses of A at 1. on corner

b. NE. Corner, Int., looking along Feature 8 towardFeature 13, showing Crenellations Unblockedsince 1893

126. View from E. Ravine (before 1893), showing Towerof John IV at 1. (s.) Corner; Wall (now lost) leadingto Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall withCourse of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), andButtress (Feature 11), All of Masonry D1, to r. ofTower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost),including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at 1.(NE. Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages ofBuilding Features 10, 9, and 8 at r.: Masonry ABase, D3 Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations,surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls withCrenellations unblocked

127a. View from E. Ravine (before 1914)b. View from E. Ravine (1963)

128a-130b. East Wall128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, det., showing Water

Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at topb. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from S., showing

Position of Two Christian Reliefs129. View from Feature 13, looking N. toward Feature 8130a,b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques

a. Expulsion from Garden of Edenb. Elijah and the Raven

131a. View from S., showing "Theodora's Bedchamber"(Feature 22) at I., and Tower of John IV (Feature16) at r.

b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Int. from W., withSt. Eugenios in Background

132. Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from SE. (1916),showing Classical Masonry A at Base, Darker13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost

LIST OF PLATES xi

Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century MasonryE3, and Main Tower in Masonry F of 1458-60(top lost bet. 1893-1916) above

133a,b. SE. Corner, Inner and Outer Wallsa. View from W., showing Feature 22 (with

Overhang of "Theodora's Bedchamber") at 1.and Masonry A below

b. View from E., showing Feature 22 ("Theodora'sBedchamber") above Courses of E3, Six orSeven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall inMasonry D3, and Footings of Masonry A

134a,b. Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from S.a. General View (1971)b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3,

especially on Outer Wall bet. Features 19 and18 (1916)

135a. SW. Buildings from NE., showing Features 21(foreground), 22 (1. background), and 23(r. background)

b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Int.136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from SW.

b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestrationof Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestrationof Feature 24 at r.

137a. Features 26 and 27, looking N. from Feature 25,showing Modern Facing over Masonry types

137b. NW. Hall (Feature 28) from S-SE.138a-139a. Feature 28138a. Masonry C, Lower E. Facade, Window at 1.

b. N. Face, Windows in Lower Register (r.-handWindow refaced)

139a. NE. Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1(above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three StoneCannon Balls presumably inserted in OttomanTimes

139b-144. W. Wall139b. Ext., Face of Feature 28 bet. Features 27 and 29,

showing Later D or E Work140a. Ext. (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry

D2 (telephoto view)b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost

Crenellations bet. Masonry D3 and E3 at r. andD2 at 1.

141. View of Features 19 to 27142. Bastion 26, Ext.143. View of Features 24 to 32144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of

Exedra (Feature 1), and Section bet. 30 and 32 (at1.) pitted with Windows of Later Private Housesand much refaced in H

145a. N. and W. Walls from Zagnos Kopriisiib. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on

Masonry D3, and Blocked Door at bottom 1.146a. Join bet. Masonry D3 and E3 NW. of Bastion 19,

det. (telephoto view)b. Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work on

Masonry D3147a. Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base

b. Bastion 26, S. Face, showing possible E3 Work on

One or More Types of Earlier IndeterminateMasonry

148a. Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Doorfrom S.

b. Bastion 30 from S., showing possible Masonry Eland E3 above Earlier Footing

149. Leontokastron from W. (ca. 1893), with Church B inforeground

150a,b. Bedestena. View from E-SE. (ca. 1893)b. N. Facade

151a. Leontokastron, SW. Structure and Gate, withEntrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below

b. Tomb of Alexios IV from S-SE. (1916), withKulakli bet. Tomb and N. Apse ofChrysokephalos

152a. E. Seaboard, looking W. from Leontokastron(before 1923). In foreground W. Wall ofLeontokastron (No. 14), then VenetianConcession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B(No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large 19th-Century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point andVenetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21and 28), Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos

b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) fromFrontisterion and SE. (1958)

153a,b. Soguksu, Church L. (No. 39)a. View from SE.b. View from SW.

154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893),with Belfry at 1., "Milk Fountain" below, and W.Zhamatun of Main Church of 1424 at r.

155a. Gate of St. Dynamis and Cifte Hamami (No. 42)from SW., with Chapel M (No. 40) NW. of cifteHamami

155b-157b. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery155b. In 1959, showing Main Church (and Lost

Zhamatun) at I., and Chapel of 1421 andMonastic Buildings of 1688 at r.

156. Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel157a,b. Main Church, Pentagonal Apse

a. From E-NE.b. Int., before reroofing (1929)

158a,b. Main Churcha. W. Wall. Painting above Central Door,

Hetoimasia (1959)b. Zhamatun, E. Wall, N. Side. Painting, Crucifixion

(ca. 1893)159a. Khach'k`ar near Lintel of Smaller Chapel

b. Khach`k`ar in Main Church160a-d. Manglavita (No. 49)

a. Upper Chapel, from NE.b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, det.c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform S. of

Rock-cut Chapeld. Rock-cut Chapel from S.

161. Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39 m, depth 0.08 m)from St. George Kourtza (No. 82) probablyoriginally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with

xii LIST OF PLATES

Inscription162. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Int., looking W., show-

ing Narthex and Exonarthex, below, andKatechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342-51, whereEmperor and Empress appeared for CoronationAcclamations, above

163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and N. Porch fromE-NE.

164. St. Anne (No. 61) from S. (ca. 1893)165a,b. St. Andrew (No. 60)

a. Chapel from NE. (1963)b. Arch over N. Door, Ext. (1963)

166a-167b. St. Anne166a. S. Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques Inserted after

b. Relief, Warrior at I.; Winged Figure (Head at top,Wings behind, Legs below at r.); and Inscription

167a. Reused Capital, from SE.b. Reused Capital, from NE.

168a,b. St. Basil (No. 66)a. View from S.b. Reused Classical Block over W. Door, with

Supposed Justinianic Inscription169-170c. St. Eugenios (No. 77), N. Gallery, W. End Wall

Painting, details169. Painting, exposed in 1973170a. Angel

b. Head of Christc. Left Hand of Christ

171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863from SE. (photo of ca. 1893)

172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94)from N-NE. (ca. 1893)

173a-c. St. Philip (No. 108)a. First Church, N. Wall, Ext., Moldingb. Apse and Drum from NE.c. N. Capital and Moldings around Former W.

Door174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), E. Cave Chapel. Sts.

Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)175. Possible Remains of W. Extension of "Sea Wall"

near S. Croce (?), E. of Molos (1932)176a-191. Hagia Sophia (No. 112)176a,c. Views of Tower

a. From E-SE. (ca. 1836) (after Texier and Pullan)b. From Roof of Church, after Restoration of 1880s

and immediately before Restoration of 1961-62c. From E-SE. (1972), showing Apse of Chapel of

1443 above Panel with Imperial Portraits177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)178a. Tower, Base of E. Wall. Inscription: 'ETous ,; kr'

(i)v(6tinU vos) e' ijpxOt (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)b. Tower, E. Face, Ext. Panel. Painted Inscription of

John IV: ... (3)aatA,e6S xai a6TOxpfTwp`P(wµai)wv xai HepocTeiag 6 (Me)yasKo tv(rl)vbc xai 6(t)6s Tou e66eI3e6T&Tou(0a)at? o)(S) xup(i)ou Akc4iou

179a-191. Tower, Chapel179a. Apse, Conch

b. E. Wall, S. Side180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of S. Wall

b. E. Wall, S. Side, det.181. E. Wall, N. Side182a. W. Wall. Dormition182b-d. Dormition, details

b. Head of Angel Who cuts off Hand of Jephoniasc. Head of Mournerd. Head of Mourner

183-184b. S. Door183. Keystone of Arch184a. E. Side. Baptism

b. W. Side. Transfiguration185a-188b. S. Wall185a. Annunciation

b. Annunciation, det., the Virgin186a-c. Nativity, dets.

a. Detailb. Sheepc. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child

187. Presentation188a-b. Pentecost, dets.

a. Cosmosb. Ears and Tongues

189. N. Window, Arch. Pattern in top c.190a-191. N. Wall190a. Crucifixion

b. Epitaphios Threnosc. Anastasis

191. Base at E. End. Standing Figure with Ship and OtherGraffiti on Robe

192a,b. Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)a. S. Apseb. C. and N. Apses

193a-c. Phantak (cakilca Koyii)a. Chapel from SE.b. Apse. Wall Paintingc. S. Wall. Painting

194a-197. Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B194a. S. Wall. Large Figure

b. N. Wall. Inscriptionc. N. Wall. Two Female Saints

195-196. W. Wall.195. Narthex, Two Martyr Saints196. Ext. Mounted Saint197. S. Wall, Ext. Warrior Saints198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota

$im5irli) from N.199a-204c. Sarma5ikh (Geyikli), Upper Church199a. General View from S., showing Dark Line of Bushes

marking Buried Churchb. Nave and Main Apse, looking NE., showing

Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God(hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below onArchway

200a. N. Door and Ruined Porch, Ext., Looking SE.b. N. Door, Int.

20 Ia. W. Door, Int.b. Nave, N. Side, before Destruction of Painting of

LIST OF PLATES xiii

Mother of God202a. N. Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of Archangel

Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pierb. N. Apse, Archangel Gabriel

203a. N. Wall, E. End. Lower Registerb. NE. Pier, W. Face. Foliated Cross

204a. SW. Pier, E. Face. St. Theodore Stratelates, afterMutilation

b. SW. Pier, E. Face, looking SW. from Center ofNaos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center Bay,S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena

c. Center Bay. S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena,after Mutilation

205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakh), Church from SE.206. Angurga (Dianeiacha?), Chapel from NW.207a-c. Doubera (Libera, Yazhk)

a. Castleb. Grotto of St. John the Baptistc. Grotto. St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt

208-210b. Soumela (Meryemana)208. Monastery and Mt. Mela from NE.209. Monastery (1929)210a,b. Katholikon

a. S. Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, andAndronikos (1929)

b. N. Wall. Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in1970)

211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking S., showingBeginning of Old Summer Road to Castle atCenter Horizon

212a,b. Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)a. Gate Towerb. Wall overlooking Valley

213a,b. Gantopedin (Labra), Castlea. View from W.b. Chapel from SE.

214-215b. Sachnoe (Kopruyani, "Kurt Boghan," theTaxiarchai Church (1929)

214. View from NE.215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany

b. N. Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, theChrist Child, and Mother of God with Donor(not Abbot Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelonof 1391) below

216a-225c. Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)216a. N. Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias from above

b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from SE.217a-225c. Chapel of St. Elias217a. Ascension (2)

b. Koimesis (4), det.218. Heavenly Host (5), det.219a. Annunciation (6), det.

b. Annunciation and Nativity (7), dets.220. Nativity221. Presentation (7)222. Baptism (8)223a. Raising of Lazarus (9)

b. Raising of Lazarus, det.224a. Crucifixion (10)

b. Anastasis (11)225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),

det. (note Graffiti)b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)

225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30),and St. George (31)

226a. Pyxites, NW. Slope, General View, showing PanagiaKremaste at center and stasis of Aitherisa(Sevimli) above

b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro,looking N., with Krenasa, Giannakanton,Pontyla, and Giannanton at r., and Kounakalinto 1. of Prytanis River

227a,b. Palaiokastroa. On Spur, General View, looking N. from Chapsa

(Hamsikoy)b. Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy) Kale, Dik

Kaya from E.228. Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from NE.229a,b. Zigana (Kalkandere)

a. View of Village on S. Side of Pass (above) andRuined Han (below) from Castle

b. Castle230. Imera, Monastery of St. John from NW. (1893)231,b. Nacarh (Mochora?), Yagh Dere Kale

a. View from S.b. Upper and Lower Towers

232a-c. Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale)a. View from NW.b. NE. Wall, Crossesc. From NE.

233a-d. Ardasa (Torul)a. View from NE. and Zigana Road, showing Castle

at I., above Gorge where Philabonites becomesKanis (Har5it) River

b. Castle from N., showing Curtain Wall at 1.c. Castle, Curtain Wall, Int.d. Castle, Tower at Summit

234. Kirkilise, Chapel from SE.235a-238. Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)235a. Double Church from SE., with Chapel B in

foregroundb. Chapel B, Apses

236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, S. Sideb. Chapel A, E. End, in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu

Kale) in background237a. Chapel B, N. Wall (former Ext. S. Wall, Chapel A).

Red and Black Decoration to I. of Doorb. Chapel A, W. Wall, Head of Saint

238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from SW239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, ed.

Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the CherianaRoad

241. Golacha (?) (Colo5ana), Castle from W.242a-b. Sorogaina (Soruyana), Castle

a. From S.b. Lower Gate from Upper Gate

243a-c. Bayana Kale

xiv LIST OF PLATES

a. From NW.b. View from W.c. View from NE.

244a-248c. Tzanicha (Canca)244a. Castle from W.

b. Castle, W. Walls from E.245. Chapel A from E.246. Chapel B (I.) and Chapel A (r.) from W.247a. Chapel B, View from S.

b. Chapel B, Window Soffit, Acrostic248a-c. Chapel A

a. Apse, N. Side, Decorationb. W. Wall, N. Side. Two Standing Saintsc. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom)

249a-251c. Kog Kale249a. View from E.

b. View from S.250a. View from SW.

b. View from N.251a. NW. Tower and Main Gate

b. Int., Kitchen Wall and Fireplacec. Int., NE. Corner

252-255b. Kouazi (Kovans)252. Central Cistern253a. View from SW, showing Blocked Cave (below) and

W. Tower (above)b. E. Entrance

254a. View from SW.b. View from S., showing Upper (I.) and Lower (r.)

Fortifications255a. W. Tower, Int., looking E.

b. From S., showing Lower Fortifications inforeground

256a,b. Kovans K6 y6a. From S.b. Chapel, Apse

257a-261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabaki y, AyasofyaCamii)

257a. W. Wallb. S. Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in

foreground258a. S. Wall, Blocked Door

b. S. Door, Lintelc. S. Door, E. Jamb. Inscriptions

259. S. Wall, Window260a. E. Wall

b. Main Apse, Window, Ext.c. NE. Corner showing Blocked Pastophory

261. Int., looking SE.262. Ho5mesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse263a-d. Kalecik on Arakh Burunu

a. View from W.b. View from E.c. View from S.d. View S. from Kalecik on Arakh Burunu, showing

Attached Walled Site264-265c. Sousourmaina-Canayer on Arakh Burunu264. General View from W., showing N. Gate at Edge of

265a. N. Gate, Masonry with Cornice, det.b. N. Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Archc. S. Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor

266a-c. Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Derea. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m), with

artificially enlarged Caves at 1.b. View from SE.c. Fortification at S. Entrance

267. R65i Kalesi, Of, from E.268. Fetoka, Church, from W.269. Fetoka, Inscription270a-273. Rhizaion270a. Lower and Upper Citadels, looking S. from Walled

Townb,c. Upper Citadel

b. SW. Tower, Ext.c. NW. Tower, Brick Arch

27 la-c. Lower Citadel, W. Walla. Ext., Feature I (Bastion) and Tower 2b. Int., looking S, Relieving Arches.c. Int., looking N, Relieving Arches and Tower 2

272a-c. Walled Towna. W. Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaultingb. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9c. NW. End, Tower 8

273. Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of WalledTown, with Modern Rize to E. in background

274. Bozuk Kale near Giindogdu, E. Wall275. Kodyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from S.276a-277b. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi276a. General View from S.

b. W. Wall, Gatewayc. W. Wall, Second and Third Storeys

277a. N. Wall, First and Second Storeysb. N. Wall, Upper Storey

278a-279. Cihar-Kise Kale278a. From N., showing Typical Housing and Barns

b. Outer Walling279. Central Tower, Stonework imitating Brickwork280a-c. Sapo-Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon

a. Church from W.b. Door, Arch, Int.c. Door, Arch, Ext.

281 a-282c. Zil Kale281a. General View from N.

b. General View from S.c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches

282a. Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from W.b. Keep, Window on N. Sidec. Keep, Interior, E. Wall

283a-284. Varo§ Kale283a. N.W. Side, Door

b. View from Varo§ Kale, looking S. to Basand Tatos Mountains

c. General View, from S.284. Possible Cistern285. Arde§en, Church, Main Apse, Masonry286. Apsaros, Castle from S. (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233)287a-288c. Ispir Castle

LIST OF PLATES

287a. Church from SW.b. Castle and Akampsis (coruh) River from N.c. From NW, showing Church (top left) and Covered

Stairway from near Sultan Melik Mescit (topcenter) to River (below)

288a. View from W., showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at r.),Church (at 1.), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)

b. Church, Main Apse from SE., showing Narrow,Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbedelsewhere)

c. Sultan Melik Mescit. NW. Corner and MinaretBase, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of CoarseYellow Stone above and Herringbone Workbelow

289a,b. Castle near Norgah, Ispira. Entrance from NW.b. NE. Side, Masonry

290a,b. Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugril§aha. View from W.b. Masonry and Inscription

List of Folded Maps

I. Byzantine PontosII. Hinterland of Trebizond (Indicated on Figure 1)

III. Trebizond, Overall

Ia. Tomb of the Ghazi celebi Ic. Inscription 4

lb. Inscription 3Sinope

3a. Towers 1-4 (Types B, C, and G), with Acropolis in Background, from Tower 7

3b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from East

Sinope

5a. Wall near Tower 22, Interior (Type M)

5b. Wall between Towers 22 and 23, Interior (Type M),showing Blocked Archway

Sinope

6a. Wall near Tower 23, Interior, showing Catwalk and Entrance to Tower (Type M)

6b. View from Tower 24, looking West, showing Towers 25, 26, 40, and 29

Sinope

7a. View from Tower 43, looking East, showing Tower 42 (Types A and *C),and Towers 27-23 (Type M)

7b. View from Tower 29, looking East, showing Towers 28-23

Sinope

, C, E

9a. Acropolis, North Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly Type A)note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)

9b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28

Sinope

10a. Interior

lOb. ExteriorSinope, Tower 29, Gate

I la. Tower and Gate 29 from West (Types A, B, C, E, L, and M)

lib. Citadel, South Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked Sea Gate(mostly Types B and G) from Site of Submerged Mole

Sinope

12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening between Areas XVII and XVIII at T, detail

12b. Area VIII, South Arm, showing Springing of Vault

Sinope, "Palace," Balat

13. Area X, North Wall, looking Northeast

14a. Area X, North Wall, showing Large Secondary Cuttingat Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters betweenBlind Arches

14b. Area II, West Wall from West

15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault

15b. Marble Column Base fromBema Screen or Ambo,Reused over Church Entrance,detail

16a. Wall at Q, North of Area IX, showing Discontinued 16b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core andBand of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in Building Continuous Brick Bonding Courses

itatio

24a. Balat Kilise, Exterior, South Door, Lunette. The Koimesis

24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels

Sinope

25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow West Arch, Reveal.Ismael

25c. Balat Kilise, Exterior, West Wall, South Side, Niche.Archangel

25b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church Southwest of Walled City

Sinope

26a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf CourseBunker of Military Base. Head of Spring

26b. Erkek Sanat Enstitiisii, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic Figure

Amisos (Samsun)

27a. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall

27b. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of Causeway

Oinaion

l with

31a. Looking Southwest from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi

31b. From East (ca. 1890)

Neokaisareia, General Views

34a. Castle "Church," Interior, Corbel at Northeast Angle and Earthenware Jar built into Masonry

34b. Arch, possibly of South Gate to Inner Citadel

Neokaisareia

35a. Citadel, South Bailey, Wall at Southwest Corner

36. Looking Northeast toward Inner Citadel from South Bailey

35b. Citadel, South Bailey and Southwest End with"Church." Nineteenth-century Police Station inforeground

Neokaisareia

r .. 0 -o ... ! f aM"

38a. General View

38b. Wooden Beam Work, detail

Neokaisareia, Citadel, Wall between Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel Bailey

39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on East Side

39b. Town Wall, East Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower

Neokaisareia

40a. Citadel, Wall between North and Inner Citadel Baileys,showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and Later Repairabove

40b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine Capital

Neokaisareia

41 a. Evkaf Koyu Kale, Castle on Wooded Hill East of Fatsa Dere overlooking Road South, View from West

41b. Evkaf Koyu Kale, Southeast Bastion

42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription

43a. General View from East

43b. Cruciform Church, Exposed North Wall and Door 43c. Cruciform Church, Southwest Pendentive

Boloman Kale

46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking Northeast, with Arrow marking Yukari Kale

47. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale, looking North, with Ruin of North Gate in right foreground

52. Looking East from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper Gate and Keep at left and Island of Ares below; Eastern Harbor andSuburb at center; Castle and Twin Peaks of Cedik Kaya at right (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

CiRASONTE.

53. View from North-northeast, with Walled Town below Acropolis and Keep to West,Dikmen Tepe behind Eastern Suburb at center, and Gedik Kaya to East (after Tournefort,1701)

Kerasous

54a. View from East, with Ridge Wall and Keep at top left (Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared) (ca. 1893)

54b. View from East

Kerasous

55a. Interior, looking South, with Catwalk of Classical Masonry

55b. Looking North toward Keep, with Monument to Topah Osman Aga at left

Kerasous, Eastern Ridge Wall

56a. "To the east . .. the ancient walls may be traced almost the whole wayfrom the castle to the sea, where I observed an arched Hellenicgateway, blocked up with masonry of the same style, as shown in theaccompanying woodcut; beyond which was a high tower overgrownwith ivy" (Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The (apparentlynorthern) classical gate no longer survives.

56b. Northeast Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares

Kerasous

59a. Interior, North Wall and Rock-cut Features

59b. Part of Window and possible Gate in Northwest Wall, Interior

Kerasous, Citadel Keep

60a. Citadel Keep, Niche in North Wall

61. Mosaic Floor

60b. Citadel Keep, South Entrance, Interior

Kerasous

62a. General View, looking West

62c. Foundations of Church

62b. Foundations of Church, General View

Gedik Kaya Kilise

63. Gedik Kaya Kilise, Rock-cut Tomb 64b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, Southwest Tower, Exterior

64a. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, General View, looking North

66. Northwest Tower 67. Keep, Interior

67b. Keep, Exterior from South

Giresun Adasi

68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from North, with Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at left, Fordacross Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at center, and Castle on Peak beyond

68b. Kalecik-Hisariistii (Kenchrina?), General View from West, with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behind Rock Promontory

69a. View from East-northeast, with Kilise Burunu (right background) and Ottoman curuk Kalebelow, Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (right center), Mouth of Philabonites(foreshortened), and perhaps Petroma (Rock at left) with Halkavala below (after Tournefort,1701)

69b. cur ik Kale, Site of Western Castle

Tripolis

70a. View from Southeast, after building of New Coastal Road

70b. View from South, before building of New Coastal Road

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale

71a. Kuruca Kale, Pointed Projections East of Entrance

71b. Remains of Quay Southwest of Kuruca Kale

Tripolis

72a. Battery at Northwest Corner 72b. Steps to Entrance

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale

73. Tripolis, Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking Northwest, from Vantage Point at Southeast Round Projection(Entrance at bottom left), and Tower at center left replaced by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

74a. Steps to South Entrance

74b. Interior, looking East to Vaulted Tunnel

Petroma, Castle

75. Petroma (Rocky Peak at left) from West Bank of the Philabonites, looking East-northeast

76. Suma Kale from East

77a. North Wall, showing Beams at Base

77b. View from West

Suma Kale

78a. View from Southwest

78b. Eastern Section of Castle Walls from South

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

79a. Castle Walls from West, showing Position of Blocked Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at left) andPresent Gate (between Round Towers at right)

79b. Interior of Castle, General View from South, showing Exterior of Present Gate (bottom left), Church Site(foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and Citadel and Keep (top right)

Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

80a. Exterior

80b. Interior

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Blocked Former Gate

Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Citadel Entrance

81a. Exterior from South

V_Th3fr 4,.r —

81 b. Interior from North

84a. General View from South-southeast, before building of New Coastal Road

84b. Inner Bailey from Southwest

Koralla

88a. cqme Ond Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from East

88b. Yoros Burunu Kale from West, before building of New Coastal Road

89a. South Wall, Exterior, looking West

89b. View from WestGelida Kale

90a. (Ca. 1890)

90b. General View

Kordyle from South-southeast

91 a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Exterior, looking Northeast toward Projecting Tower

91b. Castle, Interior, looking toward Westernmost Corner, showing Break in Wall at right indicating Projecting Tower, andWindow in Wall at left above Hidden Door to Projecting Keep

Kordyle

92a. Kordyle, Keep, Exterior from Southwest

93b. Fol Maden, Church, Apses, Exterior

92b. Kordyle, Keep, Interior, Middle andUpper Storey Windows

93a. Fol Maden, Church from Southwest

93c. Apses, Interior 93d. North Conch. Traces of Painting

Fol Maden, Church

94. Trikomia, Central Kalenima Dere, looking West from near Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe (Horovi) at left,and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at top right

95a. Visera, Church from Southeast (1929)

95c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from West

95b. Visera, Church from Southwest (1959)

Trikomia

96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), East Wall

96b. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse. Ropework Decoration, detail

Trikomia

97. Walls, Interior, looking South down Cheriana Valley to Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in fardistance, with Ulusiran at upper left

98a. View from SouthMumya Kale

98b. Mumya Kale, Structure on Summit

99a. Mumya Kale, looking Southwest to Nor§un,at least Two Walls, Exterior

99b. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulreker),Fortified Church

100. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulceker), Fortified Church, North Wall.Painting, Martyr (left) and Military Saint (right)

101a. A5agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik,Northern Piece of Masonry, detail

101b. A§agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik, Basilica, looking Southeast

102b. Kalur Kale, Fort102a. View from Village toward Fortson Lykos (Kelkit) River

Kelora (Kalur, now cakirkaya)

103a. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of Vicus Settlement.

103b. General View

Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle, looking East

z Or 0 O

TREBIS ONDE.

Daphnous from Lower Church ofSt. Sabbas, looking West towardSt. Eleutherios and Leontokastron.Original drawing for Curzon(1843), pl. opp. p. 175, from Coll.of Francis Witts Esq., UpperSlaughter Manor, inscribed: "Thequarantine at Trebizond, from aruined chapel, to the N.E.-1843.The city of Trebizond lies just overthe hill. The high building on therocky point, is an old palace, nowmade use of as the quarantine."

106. Daphnous from West (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (center foreground) and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, FrankishCemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz Tepe (right background), and Mouth of Pyxites (left background)with Hotz-Kymena District beyond

105a. Trebizond from East (after Tournefort, 1701)

107. Trebizond, Southeast Suburb from North (ca. 1893),with Enclosure of Panagia Theoskepastos in right background

108. Trebizond, Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with Daphnous Harbor (left foreground), Meydan (darksquare at upper right); at right New Coastal Road which destroyed Eastern Foreshore, although Former GreekFrontisterion survives in right foreground

ity, F

Trebizond

1 1 la. Exedra between Middle City and Citadel, Classical Masonry, from East

l 1 lb. Zagnos Koprusu, South Side, Classical Masonry (arrows)

Trebizond

I 12a. View from South-southwest (ca. 1940) 112b. View from Southwest

Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4

113. West Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related to Tower

(double exposure, 1893)

Trebizond, Lower City

114. Trebizond, Relief Blocks

115a. Molos Kapisi from North

115b. Tower East of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Interior

Trebizond, Lower City

I 16a. Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner (now destroyed)from Northwest

1 I 6b. Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner(now destroyed) from Southeast (Hunter, 1899)

117a. Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu, South Side,Masonry detail

Trebizond

I 17b. South Side, Masonry

118b. Ravine Stream, North Side

118a. Ravine Stream, South Side

Trebizond, Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu

ity, W

ity, T

ity, B

Trebizond

, with

124a. Citadel, North Wall, Interior between Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,with Traces of Earlier Foundations

124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine of St.Athanasios the Exorcist

Trebizond

125a. Exterior (Feature 8), showing Curve at right mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3on D3, with Blocked Crenellations midway up Wall, on about Five Courses of A at left onCorner

125b. Interior, looking along Feature 8 toward Feature 13, showing CrenellationsUnblocked since 1893

Trebizond, Citadel, Northeast Corner

126. View from East Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower of John IV at left (South) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading toAngled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and Buttress (Feature 11), All ofMasonry D1, to right of Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost), including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at left(Northeast Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at right: Masonry A Base, D3Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations, surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with Crenellations unblocked

127a. View from East Ravine(before 1914)

127b. View from East Ravine(1963)

Trebizond, Citadel

128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, detail, showing Water 128b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from South, showingDrains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top Position of Two Christian Reliefs

129. View from Feature 13, looking North toward Feature 8

Trebizond, Citadel, East Wall

130a. The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 130b. Elijah and the Raven

East Wall, Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques

131 a. View from South, showing "Theodora's Bedchamber" (Feature 22) at left,and Tower of John IV (Feature 16) at right

131b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Interior from West,with St. Eugenios in Background

Trebizond, Citadel

132. Trebizond, Citadel, Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from Southeast (1916), showing Classical Masonry A at Base,Darker 13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry E3, and Main Tower inMasonry F of 1458-60 (top lost between 1893-1916) above

llatio

134a. General View (1971)

134b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3, especially on Outer Wall between Features 19 and 18 (1916)

Trebizond, Citadel, Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from South

135a. Southwest Buildings from Northeast, showing Features 21 (foreground),22 (left background), and 23 (right background)

135b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Interior

Trebizond, Citadel

136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from Southwest

136b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration of Feature 24 at right

Trebizond, Citadel

137a. Features 26 and 27, looking North from Feature 25, showing Modern Facing over Masonry Types

137b. Northwest Hall (Feature 28) from South-southeast

Trebizond, Citadel

138a. Masonry C. Lower East Facade, Window at left

138b. North Face, Windows in Lower Register (right-hand window refaced)

Trebizond, Citadel, Feature 28

139a. Feature 28, Northeast Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1 (above), Oinaion Stone Course, and ThreeStone Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman Times

139b. West Wall, Exterior, Face of Feature 28 between Features 27 and 29, showing Later D or E Work

Trebizond, Citadel

140a. Exterior (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry D2 (telephoto view)

140b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost Crenellations between Masonry D3 and E3 at right and D2 at left

Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall

141. View of Features 19 to 27

142. Bastion 26, Exterior

143. View of Features 24 to 32

144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of Exedra (Feature 1), and Section between 30 and 32 (at left) pitted withWindows of Later Private Houses and much refaced in H

145a. North and West Walls from Zagnos Koprusu

145b. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3, and BlockedDoor at bottom left

Trebizond, Citadel

, with

150a. View from East-southeast (ca. 1893)

150b. North Facade

Trebizond, Bedesten

15 I a. Leontokastron, Southwest Structure and Gate, with Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below

151b. Tomb of Alexios IV from South-southeast( 1916), with Kulakli Cesme between Tomb and North Apse of Chrysokephalos

Trebizond

152a. Eastern Seaboard, looking West from Leontokastron (before 1923). In foreground West Wall of Leontokastron (No.14), then Venetian Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B (No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large19th-century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21 and 28),Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos

152b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from Frontisterion and Southeast (1958)

Trebizond

153a. View from Southeast 153b. View from Southwest

Soguksu Church L (No. 39)

154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893), with Belfry at left, "Milk Fountain" below, and West Zhamatun ofMain Church of 1424 at right

Trebizond

159a. 159b.Khach`k`ar Khach`k`arnear Lintel in Mainof Smaller chapel Church

Trebizond, Kaymakli,Armenian Monastery

160a. Upper chapel from Northeast

160c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery PlatformSouth of Rock-cut Chapel

160b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, detail

160d. Rock-cut Chapel from South

Trebizond, Manglavita (No. 49)

163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and North Porch from East-northeast

164. St. Anne (No. 61) from South (ca. 1893)

Trebizond

165a. Chapel from Northeast (1963)

165b. Arch over North Door, Exterior (1963)

Trebizond, St. Andrew (No. 60)

166a.;'"' South Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques

Inserted after 1893

166b.Relief, Warrior at left;Winged Figure (Head attop, Wings behind, Legsbelow at right); andInscription

167a. Reused Capital, from Southeast 167b. Reused Capital, from Northeast

Trebizond, St. Anne

168a. View from South

168b. Reused Classical Block over West Door, with supposed Justimanic Inscription

Trebizond, St. Basil (No. 66)

169. Wall Painting exposed in 1973

170a. Wall Painting, Angel

Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End

170b. Head of Christ

170c. Left Hand of Christ

Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End Wall Painting, details

171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863 from Southeast (photo of ca. 1893)

172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94) from North-northeast (ca. 1893)

Trebizond

173a. First Church, North Wall, Exterior, Molding

173b. Apse and Drum from Northeast

173c. North Capital and Moldingsaround Former West Door

Trebizond, St. Philip (No. 108)

174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), East Cave Chapel. Sts. Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)

175. Possible Remains of Western Extension of "Sea Wall" near S. Croce(?), East of Molos (1932)

Trebizond

l with

177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)

178a. Tower, Base of East Wall.Inscription: "Etovs,s'h.'XE' (I)v(btxtLwvos) E' jQX"1*L (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)

178b. Tower, East Face, Exterior Panel. Painted Inscription of John IV:... (3)MRXE-is xai ahtoxpdtwp `P(wµai)wv xatFIEpatEtas 6 (M>`)yac Koµv(n)vds xai v(t)6S tov EvoE(3EOtdtov ((3a)aLXEw(S) xvp(t)ov

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia

179a. Apse, Conch

179b. East Wall, South Side

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of South Wall

180b. East Wall, South Side, detail

181. East Wall, North Side

182a. West Wall. The Dormition

182b. Head of Angel Who cuts offHand of Jephonias

182c. Head of Mourner

The Dormition, details

182d. The Dormition, detail,Head of Mourner

183. South Door, Keystone of Arch

184a. East Side. The Baptism

184b. West Side. The Transfiguration

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South door

185a. The Annunciation

185b. The Annunciation, detail, the Virgin

186a. The Nativity, detail

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall

186b. Sheep

187. The Presentation

186c. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child

Nativity, details

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall

188a. The Cosmos 188b. Ears and Tongues

South Wall. The Pentecost, details

189. North Window, Arch. Pattern in top center

190a. The Crucifixion

190b. Epitaphios Threnos

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall

190c. The Anastasis

191. Base at East End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other Graffiti on Robe

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall

192b. Center and North Apses

192a. South Apse

193a. Chapel from Southeast

193c. South Wall. Painting

Trebizond, Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)

193b. Apse. Wall Painting

Phantak ((;akilca Koyu)

194a. South Wall. Large Figure

194b. North Wall. Inscription 194c. North Wall. Two Female Saints

Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B

195. Narthex. Two Martyr Saints 196. Exterior. Mounted Saint

West Wall

197. South Wall, Exterior. Warrior Saints

Pipat (Bibat Koyii), Church B

198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota (Ku5tul, Simsirli) from North

199a. General View from South, showing Dark Lineof Bushes marking Buried Church

199b. Nave and Main Apse, looking Northeast, showingPaintings of Cross at top and Mother of God(hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below inArchway

Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

200a. North Door and Ruined Porch,Exterior, looking Southeast

201a. West Door, Interior

200b. North Door, Interior

201b. Nave, North Side, before Destructionof Painting of Mother of God

202a. North Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings ofArchangel Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier

202b. North Apse. Archangel Gabriel

203b. Northeast Pier, West Face. Foliated Cross

204a. Southwest Pier, East Face.St. Theodore Stratelates, after Mutilation

204b. Southwest Pier, East Face, looking Southwest fromCenter of Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and CenterBay, South Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena

Sarma§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

204c. Sarm§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church, Center Bay, South 205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakli),Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena, after Mutilation Church from Southeast

206. AngUrga (Dianeiacha?),Chapel from Northwest

207b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist

207a. Doubera (Libera, Yazlik), Castle

207c. Grotto, St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt?

Doubera (Libera, Yazlik)

210a. South Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, and Andronikos (1929)

210b. North Wall, Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in 1970)

Soumela (Meryemana), Katholikon

211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking South, showing Beginning ofOld Summer Road to Castle at Center Horizon

212a. Gate Tower 212b. Wall overlooking Valley

Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)

214. View from Northeast

215b. North Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, theChrist Child, and Mother of God with Donor (not AbbotNikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon of 1391) below

215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany

Sachnoe (Kopriiyanm), "Kurt Boghan," The Taxiarchai Church (1929)

216a. North Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias, from above

216b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from Southeast

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)

217a. The Ascension (2)

217b. The Koimesis (4), detail

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

218. The Heavenly Host (5), detail

219b. The Annunciation and the Nativity (7), details

220. The Nativity

221. The Presentation (7)

222. The Baptism (8)

223a. The Raising of Lazarus (9)

223b. The Raising of Lazarus, detail

224a. The Crucifixion (10)

224b. The Anastasis (11)

225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),detail (note Graffiti)

225b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)

225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30), and St. George (31)

226a. Pyxites, Northwest Slope, General View, showing Panagia Kremaste at centerand stasis of Aitherisa (Sevimili) above

226b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro, looking North, with Krenasa, Giannakanton, Pontyla, and Giannantonat right, and Kounakalin to left of Prytanis River

231 a. View from South

231b. Upper and Lower Towers

Nacarli (Mochora?), Yagli Dere Kale

— r-,,:1

-- St• •--

- —• -

—S 'IIf -

233c. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Curtain Wall, Interior

233d. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Tower at Summit 234. Kirkilise, Chapel from Southeast

235a. Double Church from Southeast, with Chapel B in foreground

235b. Chapel B, Apses

Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

l A, S

237a. Chapel B, North Wall (former Exterior South Wall,Chapel A). Red and Black Decoration to left of Door

238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from Southwest

237b. Chapel A, West Wall. Head of Saint

Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle

240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, 241. Golacha (?) (Colo§ana), Castle from Wested. Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on theCheriana Road

243b. View from West

243c. View from Northeast

Bayana Kale

244a. Castle from West

244b. Castle, West Walls from East 245. Chapel A from East

Tzanicha (Canca)

246. Chapel B (left) and Chapel A (right) from West

247a. View from South 247b. Window Soffit, Acrostic

Chapel B

Tzanicha (Canca)

248a. Apse, North Side, Decoration

248c. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom)

248b. West Wall, North Side,Two Standing Saints

Tzanicha (Canca), Chapel A

250b. View from North

Kog Kale

25 I a. Northwest Tower and Main Gate

251 c. Interior, Northeast Corner

251b. Interior, Kitchen Wall and Fireplace

Kog Kale

252. Central Cistern 253a. View from Southwest, showing Blocked Cave(below) and West Tower (above)

253b. East Entrance

Kouazi (Kovans)

254b. View from South, showing Upper (left) and Lower (right) Fortifications

Kouazi (Kovans)

257a. West Wall

257b. South Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in foreground

Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)

258a. South Wall, Blocked Door

258b. South Door, Lintel

259. South Wall, Window

260a. East Wall

260b. Main Apse, Window, Exterior

260c. Northeast Corner, showing Blocked Pastophory

261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii), Interior, looking Southeast

262. Hosmesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse

270a. Lower and Upper Citadels,looking South from Walled Town

270c. Upper Citadel, Northwest Tower, Brick Arch

270b. Upper Citadel, Southwest Tower,Exterior

Rhizaion

272a. West Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting

272c. Northwest End, Tower 8

272b. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9

Rhizaion, Walled Town

273. Rhizaion, Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled Town, with Modern Rize to East in background

274. Bozuk Kale near Gundogdu, East Wall

275. Kordyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from South

276a.General Viewfrom South

276b.West Wall,Gateway

276c.West Wall,Second andThird Storeys

Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi

279. Cihar-Kize Kale, Central Tower,Stonework imitating Brickwork

280a. Church from West

280b. Door, Arch, Interior

280c. Door, Arch, Exterior

Sapo Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon

28 I a. General View from North

281c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches

Zil Kale

281b. General View from South

- •-

k a 4'

tle, C

288a. View from West, showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at right), Church (at left), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)

288b. Church, Main Apse from Southeast, showing Narrow, 288c. Sultan Melik Mescit, Northwest Corner and MinaretTall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse Yellowelsewhere) Stone above and Herringbone Work below

Ispir Castle

289a. Entrance from Northwest

289b. Northeast Side, Masonry

Castle near Norgah, Ispir

290a. View from West

290b. Masonry and Inscription

Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugrilsah

Bryer, Anthony and Winfield, David - Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, V.2

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