Bryer, Anthony and Winfield, David - Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, V.2
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Transcript of Bryer, Anthony and Winfield, David - Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos, V.2
DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES
xx
THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTSAND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE
PONTOS
THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTSAND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE
PONTOS
ANTHONY,BRYER and DAVID WINFIELDWith Maps and Plans by
RICHARD ANDERSON
and Drawings by
JUNE WINFIELD
Volume Two
PLATES
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and CollectionWashington, D.C.
© 1985 DUMBARTON OAKSTRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON. D.C.
All correspondence and orders should be addressed to
Dumbarton Oaks Publications Office1703 32nd Street, N. W.Washington, D.C. 20007
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Bryer, Anthony.The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos.
(Dumbarton Oaks studies; 20)Bibliography: p.Includes index.1. Trebizond Empire-Antiquities, Byzantine. 2. Pontus
-Antiquities, Byzantine. 3. Trebizond Empire-Descriptionand travel. 4. Pontus-Description and travel.5. Names, Geographical-Trebizond Empire. 6. Names,Geographical-Turkey-Pontus. 7. Names, Geographical-Byzantine. I. Winfield, David. II. Title. III. Series.DF609.B78 1985 939'.33 84-1661ISBN 0-88402-122-X
Table of Contents
Volume Two
List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
List of Folded Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
List of Plates
la-25c. Sinopela. Tomb of the Ghazi Qelebib. Inscription 3
Inscription 42a. Tower 29, NE. Face, Position of Inscription 5b. Inscription 5
3a. Towers 1-4 (Types, B, C, and G), with Acropolis inBackground, from Tower 7
b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from E.4a. Tower 16 (Types G and L) from E.b. Section of Wall near Tower 22, showing Cribwork
(Type M)5a. Wall near Tower 22, Int. (Type M)b. Wall bet. Towers 22 and 23, Int. (Type M), showing
Blocked Archway6a. Wall near Tower 23, Int., showing Catwalk and
Entrance to Tower (Type M)b. View from Tower 24, looking W., showing Towers 25,
26, 40, and 297a. View from Tower 43, looking E., showing Tower 42
(Types A and *C), and Towers 27-23 (Type M)b. View from Tower 29, looking E., showing Towers
28-238a. Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing Cribwork
(Type M)b. Tower 30 from S. (Types A, B, C, E, and G)
9a. Acropolis, N. Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostlyType A) (note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)
b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 2810a,b. Tower 29, Gate
a. Interiorb. Exterior
l la. Tower and Gate 29 from W. (Types A, B, C, E, L,and M)
b. Citadel, S. Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked SeaGate (mostly Types B and G) from Site ofSubmerged Mole
12a-16b. "Palace," Balat12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening bet. Areas XVII and
XVIII at T, det.b. Area VIII, S. Arm, showing Springing of Vault
13. Area X, N. Wall, looking NE.14a. Area X, N. Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting
at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters bet.Blind Arches
b. Area II, W. Wall from W.15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault
b. Marble Column Base from Bema Screen or Ambo,Reused over Church Entrance, det.
16a. Wall at Q, N. of Area IX, showing Discontinued
Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity inBuilding
b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core andContinuous Brick Bonding Courses
17-24a. Balat Kilise17a,b. Looking NE. toward-Church Entrance
a. General Viewb. Note Springing of Cross Vault near Reused Marble
Sculpture18. Vault, E. Side. Evangelist Symbols19-20b. S. Wall.19. Sacrifice of Isaac20a. Maccabees Abelbous and Ourias
b. Sacrifice of Isaac and Annunciation21a,b. Wide W. Arch, Reveal
a. St. Panteleimonb. St. Barbara
22a. S. Wall. Visitationb. Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene
23. S. Door, Int., Tympanum. Inscription24a. Ext., S. Door, Lunette. Koimesis24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. Ismael
b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church SW. ofWalled City
c. Balat Kilise, Ext., W. Wall, S. Side, Niche. Archangel26a,b. Amisos (Samsun)
a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course Bunker ofMilitary Base. Head of Spring
b. Erkek Sanat Enstitusii, Floor Mosaic. SymbolicFigure
27a,b. Oinaiona. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wallb. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of
Causeway28. Kekirkalesi, near Jerphanion's Kainochorion29. caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb
and Summit from NE.30a-40b. Neokaisareia30a. Unidentified Ruin SW. of Town, possibly Pilgrim
Church of St. Gregory Thaumatourgosb. Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone
Courses31a,b. General Views
a. Looking SW. from Tomb of the Melik Ghazib. From E. (ca. 1890)
32a-34a. Castle "Church"32a. Looking E-NE.
b. Ruins of Lateral Chambers, S. Side, from SE.33a. Int., looking N.
LIST OF PLATES
b.Int., looking NE.34a. Int., Corbel at NE. Angle and Earthenware Jar built
into Masonry34b. Arch, possibly of S. Gate to Inner Citadel35a,b. Citadel, S. Bailey
a. Wall at SW. Cornerb. SW. End with "Church." 19th-cent. Police Station
in foreground36. Looking NE. toward Inner Citadel from S. Bailey37a-c. Citadel
a. Inner Citadel, E. Wallb. Inner Wall, SW. Cornerc. Inner Wall, NW. Corner
38a,b. Citadel, Wall bet. Inner Citadel and Inner CitadelBailey
a. General Viewb. Wooden Beam Work, det.
39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on E.Side
b. Town Wall, E. Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower40a. Citadel, Wall bet. N. and Inner Citadel Baileys,
showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and laterRepair above
b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine capital41a,b. Evkaf Koyii Kale
a. Castle on Wooded Hill E. of Fatsa Dereoverlooking Road S., View from W.
b. SE. Bastion42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription43a-c. Boloman Kale
a. General View from E.b. Cruciform Church, Exposed N. Wall and Doorc. Cruciform Church, SW. Pendentive
44. Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurensfor Hell, 1846)
45a,b. Boloman Kalea. Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik, from
SE.b. Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting
through E. Wall of Castle46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking NE., with Arrow
marking Yukari Kale47-48c. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale47. Looking N., with Ruin of N. Gate in r. foreground48a. Citadel
b. N. Side, Outer Baileyc. Looking S. from Citadel to Lykos River
49a,b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 186849c. Bayadl Koyii, Wall50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from W.50b. Hoynat Kale from S.51 a. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore bet. Bulancak and Piraziz51b. Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Spring-head or Cistern on
Summit52-61. Kerasous52. Looking E. from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper
Gate and Keep at 2. and Island of Ares below: E.Harbor and Suburb at c.; Castle and Twin Peaks ofGedik Kaya at r. (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)
53. View from N-NE., with Walled Town belowAcropolis and Keep to W., Dikmen Tepe behind E.Suburb at c., and Gedik Kaya to E. (afterTournefort, 1701)
54a. View from E., with Ridge Wall and Keep at top 1.(Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared (ca.1893)
b. View from E.55a,b. E. Ridge Wall
a. Int. looking S. with Cat-walk of Classical Masonryb. Looking N. toward Keep with Monument to
Topah Osman Aga at 1.56a. "To the east ... the ancient walls may be traced
almost the whole way from the castle to the sea,where I observed an arched Hellenic gateway,blocked up with masonry of the same style, asshown in the accompanying woodcut; beyondwhich was a high tower overgrown with ivy"(Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The(apparently Northern) classical gate no longersurvives.
b. NE. Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares57a,b. Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor
a. View from Int.b. Det., Masonry on N. Side
58a. Classical Gateway through E. Ridge Wall, N. Sideb. E. Ridge Wall, Int., with Cat-walk of Classical
Masonry below59a-60b. Citadel Keep59a. Int., N. Wall and Rock-cut Features
b. Part of Window and possible Gate in NW. Wall, Int.60a. Niche in N. Wall
b. S. Entrance, Int.61. Mosaic Floor6la-63. Gedik Kaya Kilise62a. General View, looking W.
b. Foundations of Church, General Viewc. Foundations of Church
63. Rock-cut Tomb64a,b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi
a. General View, looking Nb. SW. Tower, Ext.
65a-67b. Giresun Adasi65a. N. Walls, Int., General View
b. N. Walls, Interior Masonry, det.c. SW. Tower, Int., with Kerasous at 1. and Dikmen
Tepe at c. backgroundd. Niche in W. Wall, Int.
66. NW. Tower67a. Keep, Int.
b. Keep, Ext., from S.68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from N., with
Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at I., Fordacross Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at c., and Castle onPeak beyond
68b. Kalecik-Hisarustii (Kenchrina?), General View fromW., with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behindRock Promontory
69a-73. Tripolis
LIST OF PLATES
69a. View from E-NE., with Kilise Burunu (r.background) and Ottoman Quruk Kale below,Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (r.c.),Mouth of Philabonites (foreshortened), andperhaps Petroma (Rock at I.) with Halkavalabelow (after Tournefort, 1701)
b. Quruk Kale, Site of W. Castle70a-72b. Kuruca Kale70a. View from SE., after building of New Coastal Road
b. View from S., before building of New Coastal Road71a. Pointed Projections E. of Entrance
b. Remains of Quay SW. of Kuruca Kale72a. Battery at NW. Corner
b. Steps to Entrance73. Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking NW.,
from Vantage Point at SE. Round Projection(Entrance at bottom 1.), and Tower at c. I. replacedby Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)
74a-75. Petroma74a. Castle, Steps to S. Entrance
b. Castle, Int., looking E. to Vaulted Tunnel75. Rocky Peak at 1, from W. Bank of Philabonites,
looking E-NE.76-77b. Suma Kale76, From E.77a. N. Wall, showing Beams at Base
b. View from W.78a-83a. $ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of
Koloneia78a. View from SW.
b. E. Section of Castle Walls from S.79a. Castle Walls from W., showing Position of Blocked
Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at I.) andPresent Gate (bet. Round Towers at r.)
b. Int. of Castle, General View from S., showing Ext. ofPresent Gate (bottom l.), Church Site(foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), andCitadel and Keep (top r.)
80a,b. Blocked Former Gatea. Exteriorb. Interior
81a,b. Citadel Entrancea. Ext. from S.b. Int. from N.
82a. Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at I.)to N. Tower of Present Gate (at r.)
b. Present Gate, Ext., with N. Tower at 1.83a. Cistern Entrance83b. $ebinkarahisar, Birogul, Byzantine Wall84a-87b. Koralla84a. General View from S-SE, before building of New
Coastal Road84b-85b. Inner Bailey84b. From SW.85a. Walls, SE. Corner85b. Walls, NW. Corner86. Middle and Inner Baileys from S.87a. Oil or Wine Press on W. Side
b. Loopholes bet. Inner and Middle Baileys
ix
88a-89b. Gelida Kale88a. Ce5me Onii Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from
E.b. Yoros Burunu Kale from W. before building of New
Coastal Road89a. S. Wall, Ext., looking W.
b View from W.90a-92b. Kordyle90a. From S-SE. (ca. 1890)
b. From S-SE., General View91a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Ext., looking NE.
toward Projecting Towerb. Castle, Int. looking toward Westernmost Corner,
showing Break in Wall at r. indicating ProjectingTower, and Window in Wall at 1. above HiddenDoor to Projecting Keep.
92a. Keep, Ext. from SW.b. Keep, Int., Middle and Upper Storey Windows
93a-d. Fol Maden, Churcha. From SW.b. Apses, Ext.c. Apses, Int.d. N. Conch. Traces of Painting
94-96b. Trikomia94. Central Kalenima Dere, looking W. from near
Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe(Horovi) at 1., and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) attop r.
95a. Visera, Church from SE. (1929)b. Visera, Church from SW. (1959)c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from W.
96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), E. Wallb. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse.
Ropework Decoration, det.97-99a. Mumya Kale97. Walls, Int., looking S. down Cheriana (SSiran) Valley to
Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley infar distance, with at upper 1.
98a. View from S.b. Structure on Summit
99a. Looking SW. to Nor5un, at least Two Walls, Ext.99b-100. Tarsos (A§agi Tersun, now Giilceker)99b. Fortified Church100. Fortified Church, N. Wall Painting, Martyr (I.) and
Military Saint (r.)101a,b. A§agi Akcah (formerly Hayduruk),
SarayciklOla. N. Piece of Masonry, det.
b. Basilica, looking SE.102a,b. Kelora (Kalur, now Qakirkaya)
a. View from Village toward Forts on Lykos (Kelkit)River
b. Kalur Kale, Fort103a-104b. Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle103a. Looking E. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of
Vicus Settlement.b. Looking E., General View
104a. Looking W. down Lykos (Kelkit) Riverb. N. Wall, Masonry
x LIST OF PLATES
105a. Trebizond from E. (after Tournefort, 1701)105b-106. Daphnous105b. From Lower Church of St. Sabbas, looking W.
toward St. Eleutheri6s and Leontokastron.Original Drawing for Curzon (1843), pl. opp.p. 175, from Coll. of Francis Witts Esq., UpperSlaughter Manor, inscribed: "The quarantine atTrebizond, from a ruined chapel, to the N.E.-1843. The city of Trebizond lies just over the hill.The high building on the rocky point, is an oldpalace, now made use of, as the quarantine."
106. From W. (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (c. foreground)and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, FrankishCemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below BozTepe (r. background), and Mouth of Pyxites (l.background) with Hotz-Kymena District beyond
107-192b. Trebizond107. SE. Suburb from N. (ca. 1893), with Enclosure of
Panagia Theoskepastos in r. background108. Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with
Daphnous Harbor (I. foreground), Meydan (darksquare at upper r.): at r. New Coastal Road whichdestroyed E. Foreshore, although Former GreekFrontisterion survives in r. foreground
109a. Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus AureliusApolinaris of Legio XV Apollinaris
b. Lower City, E. Wall. Malediction of 1302, andRegulations of 1314 for Corps of Nightwatchmen(now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul),photographed in situ (ca. 1890)
110a. Middle City, Foot of NW. Wall, Classical Masonryb. Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at 1.)
from SW.11 la. Exedra bet. Middle City and Citadel, Classical
Masonry, from E.b. Zagnos Koprusu, S. Side, Classical Masonry
(arrows)112a,b. Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4
a. View from S-SW. (ca. 1940)b. View from SW.
113. Lower City, W. Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription ofAlexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps relatedto Tower (double exposure, 1893)
114. Relief Blocks115a-116b. Lower City11 5a. Molos Kapisi from N.
b. Tower E. of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Int.116a,b. Sea Tower at NE. Corner (now destroyed) from
NW.a. From NW.b. From SE. (Hunter, 1899)
117a-118b. Middle City, Zagnos KoprusuI17a. S. Side, Masonry, det.
b. S. Side, MasonryI18a. Ravine Stream, S. Side
b. Ravine Stream, N. Side119a,b. Middle City, W. Wall
a. S. of Zagnos Koprusub. N. of Zagnos Koprusu
120-121a. Middle City120. Tabakhane Koprusu and E. Wall from N. (ca. 1893),
showing Complete N. Curtain Wall of Citadel, Topof Tower of John IV at 1. and Structure EncasingExedra at r.
121a. Byzantine Wall and Window N. of Chrysokephalos121b-124a. Citadel121b. N. Wall Feature 3, Masonry E2122. General View from SE., with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in
Foreground and Giilbahar Hatun Camii beyondCitadel (telephoto lens distorts scale)
123a,b. N. Wall (Feature 5) showing Ottoman Gate G.attached to Wall E2
a. View from NE.b. View from NE. Corner
124a. N. Wall, Int. bet. Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,with Traces of Earlier Foundations
124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, UnknownStructure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrineof St. Athanasios the Exorcist
125a-148b. Citadel125a. NE. Corner, Ext. (Feature 8), showing Curve at r.
mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3on D3, with Blocked Crenellations Midway upWall, on about Five Courses of A at 1. on corner
b. NE. Corner, Int., looking along Feature 8 towardFeature 13, showing Crenellations Unblockedsince 1893
126. View from E. Ravine (before 1893), showing Towerof John IV at 1. (s.) Corner; Wall (now lost) leadingto Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall withCourse of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), andButtress (Feature 11), All of Masonry D1, to r. ofTower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost),including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at 1.(NE. Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages ofBuilding Features 10, 9, and 8 at r.: Masonry ABase, D3 Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations,surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls withCrenellations unblocked
127a. View from E. Ravine (before 1914)b. View from E. Ravine (1963)
128a-130b. East Wall128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, det., showing Water
Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at topb. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from S., showing
Position of Two Christian Reliefs129. View from Feature 13, looking N. toward Feature 8130a,b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques
a. Expulsion from Garden of Edenb. Elijah and the Raven
131a. View from S., showing "Theodora's Bedchamber"(Feature 22) at I., and Tower of John IV (Feature16) at r.
b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Int. from W., withSt. Eugenios in Background
132. Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from SE. (1916),showing Classical Masonry A at Base, Darker13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost
LIST OF PLATES xi
Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century MasonryE3, and Main Tower in Masonry F of 1458-60(top lost bet. 1893-1916) above
133a,b. SE. Corner, Inner and Outer Wallsa. View from W., showing Feature 22 (with
Overhang of "Theodora's Bedchamber") at 1.and Masonry A below
b. View from E., showing Feature 22 ("Theodora'sBedchamber") above Courses of E3, Six orSeven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall inMasonry D3, and Footings of Masonry A
134a,b. Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from S.a. General View (1971)b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3,
especially on Outer Wall bet. Features 19 and18 (1916)
135a. SW. Buildings from NE., showing Features 21(foreground), 22 (1. background), and 23(r. background)
b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Int.136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from SW.
b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestrationof Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestrationof Feature 24 at r.
137a. Features 26 and 27, looking N. from Feature 25,showing Modern Facing over Masonry types
137b. NW. Hall (Feature 28) from S-SE.138a-139a. Feature 28138a. Masonry C, Lower E. Facade, Window at 1.
b. N. Face, Windows in Lower Register (r.-handWindow refaced)
139a. NE. Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1(above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three StoneCannon Balls presumably inserted in OttomanTimes
139b-144. W. Wall139b. Ext., Face of Feature 28 bet. Features 27 and 29,
showing Later D or E Work140a. Ext. (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry
D2 (telephoto view)b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost
Crenellations bet. Masonry D3 and E3 at r. andD2 at 1.
141. View of Features 19 to 27142. Bastion 26, Ext.143. View of Features 24 to 32144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of
Exedra (Feature 1), and Section bet. 30 and 32 (at1.) pitted with Windows of Later Private Housesand much refaced in H
145a. N. and W. Walls from Zagnos Kopriisiib. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on
Masonry D3, and Blocked Door at bottom 1.146a. Join bet. Masonry D3 and E3 NW. of Bastion 19,
det. (telephoto view)b. Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work on
Masonry D3147a. Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base
b. Bastion 26, S. Face, showing possible E3 Work on
One or More Types of Earlier IndeterminateMasonry
148a. Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Doorfrom S.
b. Bastion 30 from S., showing possible Masonry Eland E3 above Earlier Footing
149. Leontokastron from W. (ca. 1893), with Church B inforeground
150a,b. Bedestena. View from E-SE. (ca. 1893)b. N. Facade
151a. Leontokastron, SW. Structure and Gate, withEntrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below
b. Tomb of Alexios IV from S-SE. (1916), withKulakli bet. Tomb and N. Apse ofChrysokephalos
152a. E. Seaboard, looking W. from Leontokastron(before 1923). In foreground W. Wall ofLeontokastron (No. 14), then VenetianConcession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B(No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large 19th-Century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point andVenetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21and 28), Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos
b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) fromFrontisterion and SE. (1958)
153a,b. Soguksu, Church L. (No. 39)a. View from SE.b. View from SW.
154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893),with Belfry at 1., "Milk Fountain" below, and W.Zhamatun of Main Church of 1424 at r.
155a. Gate of St. Dynamis and Cifte Hamami (No. 42)from SW., with Chapel M (No. 40) NW. of cifteHamami
155b-157b. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery155b. In 1959, showing Main Church (and Lost
Zhamatun) at I., and Chapel of 1421 andMonastic Buildings of 1688 at r.
156. Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel157a,b. Main Church, Pentagonal Apse
a. From E-NE.b. Int., before reroofing (1929)
158a,b. Main Churcha. W. Wall. Painting above Central Door,
Hetoimasia (1959)b. Zhamatun, E. Wall, N. Side. Painting, Crucifixion
(ca. 1893)159a. Khach'k`ar near Lintel of Smaller Chapel
b. Khach`k`ar in Main Church160a-d. Manglavita (No. 49)
a. Upper Chapel, from NE.b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, det.c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform S. of
Rock-cut Chapeld. Rock-cut Chapel from S.
161. Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39 m, depth 0.08 m)from St. George Kourtza (No. 82) probablyoriginally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with
xii LIST OF PLATES
Inscription162. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Int., looking W., show-
ing Narthex and Exonarthex, below, andKatechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342-51, whereEmperor and Empress appeared for CoronationAcclamations, above
163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and N. Porch fromE-NE.
164. St. Anne (No. 61) from S. (ca. 1893)165a,b. St. Andrew (No. 60)
a. Chapel from NE. (1963)b. Arch over N. Door, Ext. (1963)
166a-167b. St. Anne166a. S. Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques Inserted after
1893
b. Relief, Warrior at I.; Winged Figure (Head at top,Wings behind, Legs below at r.); and Inscription
167a. Reused Capital, from SE.b. Reused Capital, from NE.
168a,b. St. Basil (No. 66)a. View from S.b. Reused Classical Block over W. Door, with
Supposed Justinianic Inscription169-170c. St. Eugenios (No. 77), N. Gallery, W. End Wall
Painting, details169. Painting, exposed in 1973170a. Angel
b. Head of Christc. Left Hand of Christ
171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863from SE. (photo of ca. 1893)
172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94)from N-NE. (ca. 1893)
173a-c. St. Philip (No. 108)a. First Church, N. Wall, Ext., Moldingb. Apse and Drum from NE.c. N. Capital and Moldings around Former W.
Door174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), E. Cave Chapel. Sts.
Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)175. Possible Remains of W. Extension of "Sea Wall"
near S. Croce (?), E. of Molos (1932)176a-191. Hagia Sophia (No. 112)176a,c. Views of Tower
a. From E-SE. (ca. 1836) (after Texier and Pullan)b. From Roof of Church, after Restoration of 1880s
and immediately before Restoration of 1961-62c. From E-SE. (1972), showing Apse of Chapel of
1443 above Panel with Imperial Portraits177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)178a. Tower, Base of E. Wall. Inscription: 'ETous ,; kr'
(i)v(6tinU vos) e' ijpxOt (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)b. Tower, E. Face, Ext. Panel. Painted Inscription of
John IV: ... (3)aatA,e6S xai a6TOxpfTwp`P(wµai)wv xai HepocTeiag 6 (Me)yasKo tv(rl)vbc xai 6(t)6s Tou e66eI3e6T&Tou(0a)at? o)(S) xup(i)ou Akc4iou
179a-191. Tower, Chapel179a. Apse, Conch
b. E. Wall, S. Side180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of S. Wall
b. E. Wall, S. Side, det.181. E. Wall, N. Side182a. W. Wall. Dormition182b-d. Dormition, details
b. Head of Angel Who cuts off Hand of Jephoniasc. Head of Mournerd. Head of Mourner
183-184b. S. Door183. Keystone of Arch184a. E. Side. Baptism
b. W. Side. Transfiguration185a-188b. S. Wall185a. Annunciation
b. Annunciation, det., the Virgin186a-c. Nativity, dets.
a. Detailb. Sheepc. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child
187. Presentation188a-b. Pentecost, dets.
a. Cosmosb. Ears and Tongues
189. N. Window, Arch. Pattern in top c.190a-191. N. Wall190a. Crucifixion
b. Epitaphios Threnosc. Anastasis
191. Base at E. End. Standing Figure with Ship and OtherGraffiti on Robe
192a,b. Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)a. S. Apseb. C. and N. Apses
193a-c. Phantak (cakilca Koyii)a. Chapel from SE.b. Apse. Wall Paintingc. S. Wall. Painting
194a-197. Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B194a. S. Wall. Large Figure
b. N. Wall. Inscriptionc. N. Wall. Two Female Saints
195-196. W. Wall.195. Narthex, Two Martyr Saints196. Ext. Mounted Saint197. S. Wall, Ext. Warrior Saints198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota
$im5irli) from N.199a-204c. Sarma5ikh (Geyikli), Upper Church199a. General View from S., showing Dark Line of Bushes
marking Buried Churchb. Nave and Main Apse, looking NE., showing
Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God(hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below onArchway
200a. N. Door and Ruined Porch, Ext., Looking SE.b. N. Door, Int.
20 Ia. W. Door, Int.b. Nave, N. Side, before Destruction of Painting of
LIST OF PLATES xiii
Mother of God202a. N. Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of Archangel
Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pierb. N. Apse, Archangel Gabriel
203a. N. Wall, E. End. Lower Registerb. NE. Pier, W. Face. Foliated Cross
204a. SW. Pier, E. Face. St. Theodore Stratelates, afterMutilation
b. SW. Pier, E. Face, looking SW. from Center ofNaos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center Bay,S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena
c. Center Bay. S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena,after Mutilation
205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakh), Church from SE.206. Angurga (Dianeiacha?), Chapel from NW.207a-c. Doubera (Libera, Yazhk)
a. Castleb. Grotto of St. John the Baptistc. Grotto. St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt
208-210b. Soumela (Meryemana)208. Monastery and Mt. Mela from NE.209. Monastery (1929)210a,b. Katholikon
a. S. Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, andAndronikos (1929)
b. N. Wall. Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in1970)
211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking S., showingBeginning of Old Summer Road to Castle atCenter Horizon
212a,b. Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)a. Gate Towerb. Wall overlooking Valley
213a,b. Gantopedin (Labra), Castlea. View from W.b. Chapel from SE.
214-215b. Sachnoe (Kopruyani, "Kurt Boghan," theTaxiarchai Church (1929)
214. View from NE.215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany
b. N. Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, theChrist Child, and Mother of God with Donor(not Abbot Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelonof 1391) below
216a-225c. Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)216a. N. Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias from above
b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from SE.217a-225c. Chapel of St. Elias217a. Ascension (2)
b. Koimesis (4), det.218. Heavenly Host (5), det.219a. Annunciation (6), det.
b. Annunciation and Nativity (7), dets.220. Nativity221. Presentation (7)222. Baptism (8)223a. Raising of Lazarus (9)
b. Raising of Lazarus, det.224a. Crucifixion (10)
b. Anastasis (11)225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),
det. (note Graffiti)b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)
225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30),and St. George (31)
226a. Pyxites, NW. Slope, General View, showing PanagiaKremaste at center and stasis of Aitherisa(Sevimli) above
b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro,looking N., with Krenasa, Giannakanton,Pontyla, and Giannanton at r., and Kounakalinto 1. of Prytanis River
227a,b. Palaiokastroa. On Spur, General View, looking N. from Chapsa
(Hamsikoy)b. Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy) Kale, Dik
Kaya from E.228. Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from NE.229a,b. Zigana (Kalkandere)
a. View of Village on S. Side of Pass (above) andRuined Han (below) from Castle
b. Castle230. Imera, Monastery of St. John from NW. (1893)231,b. Nacarh (Mochora?), Yagh Dere Kale
a. View from S.b. Upper and Lower Towers
232a-c. Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale)a. View from NW.b. NE. Wall, Crossesc. From NE.
233a-d. Ardasa (Torul)a. View from NE. and Zigana Road, showing Castle
at I., above Gorge where Philabonites becomesKanis (Har5it) River
b. Castle from N., showing Curtain Wall at 1.c. Castle, Curtain Wall, Int.d. Castle, Tower at Summit
234. Kirkilise, Chapel from SE.235a-238. Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)235a. Double Church from SE., with Chapel B in
foregroundb. Chapel B, Apses
236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, S. Sideb. Chapel A, E. End, in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu
Kale) in background237a. Chapel B, N. Wall (former Ext. S. Wall, Chapel A).
Red and Black Decoration to I. of Doorb. Chapel A, W. Wall, Head of Saint
238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from SW239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, ed.
Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the CherianaRoad
241. Golacha (?) (Colo5ana), Castle from W.242a-b. Sorogaina (Soruyana), Castle
a. From S.b. Lower Gate from Upper Gate
243a-c. Bayana Kale
xiv LIST OF PLATES
a. From NW.b. View from W.c. View from NE.
244a-248c. Tzanicha (Canca)244a. Castle from W.
b. Castle, W. Walls from E.245. Chapel A from E.246. Chapel B (I.) and Chapel A (r.) from W.247a. Chapel B, View from S.
b. Chapel B, Window Soffit, Acrostic248a-c. Chapel A
a. Apse, N. Side, Decorationb. W. Wall, N. Side. Two Standing Saintsc. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom)
249a-251c. Kog Kale249a. View from E.
b. View from S.250a. View from SW.
b. View from N.251a. NW. Tower and Main Gate
b. Int., Kitchen Wall and Fireplacec. Int., NE. Corner
252-255b. Kouazi (Kovans)252. Central Cistern253a. View from SW, showing Blocked Cave (below) and
W. Tower (above)b. E. Entrance
254a. View from SW.b. View from S., showing Upper (I.) and Lower (r.)
Fortifications255a. W. Tower, Int., looking E.
b. From S., showing Lower Fortifications inforeground
256a,b. Kovans K6 y6a. From S.b. Chapel, Apse
257a-261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabaki y, AyasofyaCamii)
257a. W. Wallb. S. Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in
foreground258a. S. Wall, Blocked Door
b. S. Door, Lintelc. S. Door, E. Jamb. Inscriptions
259. S. Wall, Window260a. E. Wall
b. Main Apse, Window, Ext.c. NE. Corner showing Blocked Pastophory
261. Int., looking SE.262. Ho5mesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse263a-d. Kalecik on Arakh Burunu
a. View from W.b. View from E.c. View from S.d. View S. from Kalecik on Arakh Burunu, showing
Attached Walled Site264-265c. Sousourmaina-Canayer on Arakh Burunu264. General View from W., showing N. Gate at Edge of
Slope
265a. N. Gate, Masonry with Cornice, det.b. N. Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Archc. S. Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor
266a-c. Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Derea. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m), with
artificially enlarged Caves at 1.b. View from SE.c. Fortification at S. Entrance
267. R65i Kalesi, Of, from E.268. Fetoka, Church, from W.269. Fetoka, Inscription270a-273. Rhizaion270a. Lower and Upper Citadels, looking S. from Walled
Townb,c. Upper Citadel
b. SW. Tower, Ext.c. NW. Tower, Brick Arch
27 la-c. Lower Citadel, W. Walla. Ext., Feature I (Bastion) and Tower 2b. Int., looking S, Relieving Arches.c. Int., looking N, Relieving Arches and Tower 2
272a-c. Walled Towna. W. Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaultingb. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9c. NW. End, Tower 8
273. Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of WalledTown, with Modern Rize to E. in background
274. Bozuk Kale near Giindogdu, E. Wall275. Kodyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from S.276a-277b. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi276a. General View from S.
b. W. Wall, Gatewayc. W. Wall, Second and Third Storeys
277a. N. Wall, First and Second Storeysb. N. Wall, Upper Storey
278a-279. Cihar-Kise Kale278a. From N., showing Typical Housing and Barns
b. Outer Walling279. Central Tower, Stonework imitating Brickwork280a-c. Sapo-Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon
a. Church from W.b. Door, Arch, Int.c. Door, Arch, Ext.
281 a-282c. Zil Kale281a. General View from N.
b. General View from S.c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches
282a. Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from W.b. Keep, Window on N. Sidec. Keep, Interior, E. Wall
283a-284. Varo§ Kale283a. N.W. Side, Door
b. View from Varo§ Kale, looking S. to Basand Tatos Mountains
c. General View, from S.284. Possible Cistern285. Arde§en, Church, Main Apse, Masonry286. Apsaros, Castle from S. (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233)287a-288c. Ispir Castle
LIST OF PLATES
287a. Church from SW.b. Castle and Akampsis (coruh) River from N.c. From NW, showing Church (top left) and Covered
Stairway from near Sultan Melik Mescit (topcenter) to River (below)
288a. View from W., showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at r.),Church (at 1.), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)
b. Church, Main Apse from SE., showing Narrow,Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbedelsewhere)
c. Sultan Melik Mescit. NW. Corner and MinaretBase, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of CoarseYellow Stone above and Herringbone Workbelow
289a,b. Castle near Norgah, Ispira. Entrance from NW.b. NE. Side, Masonry
290a,b. Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugril§aha. View from W.b. Masonry and Inscription
List of Folded Maps
xv
I. Byzantine PontosII. Hinterland of Trebizond (Indicated on Figure 1)
III. Trebizond, Overall
Ia. Tomb of the Ghazi celebi Ic. Inscription 4
lb. Inscription 3Sinope
Sino
pe
2b.
Insc
ript
ion
5
•4
-
2a.
Tow
er 2
9, N
orth
east
Fac
e, P
ositi
on o
f In
scri
ptio
n 5
3a. Towers 1-4 (Types B, C, and G), with Acropolis in Background, from Tower 7
3b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from East
Sinope
4b.
Sect
ion
of W
all n
ear
Tow
er 2
2,sh
owin
gC
ribw
ork
(Typ
e M
)
4a.
Tow
er 1
6 (T
ypes
G a
nd L
) fr
om E
ast
Sino
pe
5a. Wall near Tower 22, Interior (Type M)
5b. Wall between Towers 22 and 23, Interior (Type M),showing Blocked Archway
Sinope
6a. Wall near Tower 23, Interior, showing Catwalk and Entrance to Tower (Type M)
6b. View from Tower 24, looking West, showing Towers 25, 26, 40, and 29
Sinope
7a. View from Tower 43, looking East, showing Tower 42 (Types A and *C),and Towers 27-23 (Type M)
7b. View from Tower 29, looking East, showing Towers 28-23
Sinope
8a.
Sect
ion
of W
all n
ear
Tow
er 2
6, s
how
ing
Cri
bwor
k (T
ype
M)
Sinope
8b.
Tow
er 3
0 fr
om S
outh
(T
ypes
A, B
, C, E
, and
G)
9a. Acropolis, North Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly Type A)note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)
9b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28
Sinope
10a. Interior
lOb. ExteriorSinope, Tower 29, Gate
I la. Tower and Gate 29 from West (Types A, B, C, E, L, and M)
lib. Citadel, South Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked Sea Gate(mostly Types B and G) from Site of Submerged Mole
Sinope
12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening between Areas XVII and XVIII at T, detail
12b. Area VIII, South Arm, showing Springing of Vault
Sinope, "Palace," Balat
13. Area X, North Wall, looking Northeast
14a. Area X, North Wall, showing Large Secondary Cuttingat Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters betweenBlind Arches
14b. Area II, West Wall from West
Sinope, "Palace," Balat
15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault
15b. Marble Column Base fromBema Screen or Ambo,Reused over Church Entrance,detail
16a. Wall at Q, North of Area IX, showing Discontinued 16b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core andBand of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in Building Continuous Brick Bonding Courses
Sinope, "Palace," Balat
21a.
St. P
ante
leim
on21
b.St
. Bar
bara
Sino
pe, B
alat
Kili
se, W
ide
Wes
t Arc
h, R
evea
l
22a.
Sout
h W
all.
The
Vis
itatio
n
22b.
Nar
row
Wes
t Arc
h, R
evea
l. St
. Eir
ene
!I
NA
VA
t.Ja
ys23
.So
uth
Doo
r, I
nter
ior
Tym
panu
m. I
nscr
iptio
n
Sino
pe, B
alat
Kili
se
24a. Balat Kilise, Exterior, South Door, Lunette. The Koimesis
24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels
Sinope
25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow West Arch, Reveal.Ismael
25c. Balat Kilise, Exterior, West Wall, South Side, Niche.Archangel
25b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church Southwest of Walled City
Sinope
26a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf CourseBunker of Military Base. Head of Spring
26b. Erkek Sanat Enstitiisii, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic Figure
Amisos (Samsun)
27a. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall
27b. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of Causeway
Oinaion
28.
Kek
irka
lesi
, nea
r A
kkus
, Jer
phan
ion'
s K
aino
chor
ion
29.
cale
oglu
Kal
e, n
ear
Oin
aion
, Roc
k-cu
t Pai
nted
Tom
b an
d Su
mm
it fr
omN
orth
east
30a.
Uni
dent
ifie
d R
uin
Sout
hwes
t of
Tow
n, p
ossi
bly
Pilg
rim
Chu
rch
of S
t. G
rego
ryT
haum
atou
rgos
30b.
Site
of
Rom
an T
own,
Wal
l with
Bri
ck a
nd S
tone
Cou
rses
Neo
kais
arei
a
31a. Looking Southwest from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi
31b. From East (ca. 1890)
Neokaisareia, General Views
0
cuMM
34a. Castle "Church," Interior, Corbel at Northeast Angle and Earthenware Jar built into Masonry
34b. Arch, possibly of South Gate to Inner Citadel
Neokaisareia
35a. Citadel, South Bailey, Wall at Southwest Corner
36. Looking Northeast toward Inner Citadel from South Bailey
35b. Citadel, South Bailey and Southwest End with"Church." Nineteenth-century Police Station inforeground
Neokaisareia
r .. 0 -o ... ! f aM"
38a. General View
38b. Wooden Beam Work, detail
Neokaisareia, Citadel, Wall between Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel Bailey
39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on East Side
39b. Town Wall, East Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower
Neokaisareia
40a. Citadel, Wall between North and Inner Citadel Baileys,showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and Later Repairabove
40b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine Capital
Neokaisareia
41 a. Evkaf Koyu Kale, Castle on Wooded Hill East of Fatsa Dere overlooking Road South, View from West
41b. Evkaf Koyu Kale, Southeast Bastion
42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription
43a. General View from East
43b. Cruciform Church, Exposed North Wall and Door 43c. Cruciform Church, Southwest Pendentive
Boloman Kale
44.
Pole
mon
ion,
Chu
rch
of S
t. C
onst
antin
e (a
fter
Lau
rens
for
Hel
l, 18
46)
45a.
Cas
tle W
alls
topp
ed b
y O
ttom
an S
elam
lik45
b.C
ruci
form
Chu
rch,
Pen
tago
nal A
pse
proj
ectin
g th
roug
hfr
om S
outh
east
Eas
t Wal
l of
Cas
tle
Bol
oman
Kal
e
46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking Northeast, with Arrow marking Yukari Kale
47. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale, looking North, with Ruin of North Gate in right foreground
0
Q
49a.
Cap
e Ja
son,
Reu
sed
Blo
cks
inC
hurc
h of
186
8
49c.
Bay
adi K
oyu,
Wal
l49
b.C
ape
Jaso
n, R
euse
d B
lock
s in
Chu
rch
of 1
868
50a.
Ord
u, B
ozuk
Kal
e fr
om W
est
50b.
Hoy
nat K
ale
from
Sou
th
51a.
Roc
k-cu
t Tom
b ne
ar S
hore
bet
wee
n B
ulan
cak
and
Pira
ziz
51b.
Dik
men
Tep
e, V
aulte
d Sp
ring
head
or
Cis
tern
on
Sum
mit
52. Looking East from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper Gate and Keep at left and Island of Ares below; Eastern Harbor andSuburb at center; Castle and Twin Peaks of Cedik Kaya at right (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)
CiRASONTE.
53. View from North-northeast, with Walled Town below Acropolis and Keep to West,Dikmen Tepe behind Eastern Suburb at center, and Gedik Kaya to East (after Tournefort,1701)
Kerasous
54a. View from East, with Ridge Wall and Keep at top left (Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared) (ca. 1893)
54b. View from East
Kerasous
55a. Interior, looking South, with Catwalk of Classical Masonry
55b. Looking North toward Keep, with Monument to Topah Osman Aga at left
Kerasous, Eastern Ridge Wall
56a. "To the east . .. the ancient walls may be traced almost the whole wayfrom the castle to the sea, where I observed an arched Hellenicgateway, blocked up with masonry of the same style, as shown in theaccompanying woodcut; beyond which was a high tower overgrownwith ivy" (Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The (apparentlynorthern) classical gate no longer survives.
56b. Northeast Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares
Kerasous
57a.
Vie
w f
rom
Int
erio
r57
b.D
etai
l, M
ason
ry o
n N
orth
Sid
e
Ker
asou
s, W
este
rn C
lass
ical
Gat
e to
Mai
n H
arbo
r
58a.
Cla
ssic
al G
atew
ay th
roug
h E
aste
rn R
idge
Wal
l, N
orth
Sid
e58
b.E
aste
rn R
idge
Wal
l, In
teri
or, w
ith C
atw
alk
of C
lass
ical
Mas
onry
bel
ow
Ker
asou
s
59a. Interior, North Wall and Rock-cut Features
59b. Part of Window and possible Gate in Northwest Wall, Interior
Kerasous, Citadel Keep
60a. Citadel Keep, Niche in North Wall
61. Mosaic Floor
60b. Citadel Keep, South Entrance, Interior
Kerasous
62a. General View, looking West
62c. Foundations of Church
62b. Foundations of Church, General View
Gedik Kaya Kilise
63. Gedik Kaya Kilise, Rock-cut Tomb 64b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, Southwest Tower, Exterior
64a. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, General View, looking North
65a.
Nor
th W
alls
, Int
erio
r, G
ener
al V
iew
65b.
Nor
th W
alls
, Int
erio
r M
ason
ry, d
etai
l
65c.
Sout
hwes
t Tow
er, I
nter
ior,
with
Ker
asou
s at
left
65d.
Nic
he in
Wes
t Wal
l, In
teri
oran
d D
ikm
en T
epe
at c
ente
r ba
ckgr
ound
Gir
esun
Ada
si
66. Northwest Tower 67. Keep, Interior
67b. Keep, Exterior from South
Giresun Adasi
68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from North, with Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at left, Fordacross Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at center, and Castle on Peak beyond
68b. Kalecik-Hisariistii (Kenchrina?), General View from West, with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behind Rock Promontory
69a. View from East-northeast, with Kilise Burunu (right background) and Ottoman curuk Kalebelow, Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (right center), Mouth of Philabonites(foreshortened), and perhaps Petroma (Rock at left) with Halkavala below (after Tournefort,1701)
69b. cur ik Kale, Site of Western Castle
Tripolis
70a. View from Southeast, after building of New Coastal Road
70b. View from South, before building of New Coastal Road
Tripolis, Kuruca Kale
71a. Kuruca Kale, Pointed Projections East of Entrance
71b. Remains of Quay Southwest of Kuruca Kale
Tripolis
72a. Battery at Northwest Corner 72b. Steps to Entrance
Tripolis, Kuruca Kale
73. Tripolis, Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking Northwest, from Vantage Point at Southeast Round Projection(Entrance at bottom left), and Tower at center left replaced by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)
74a. Steps to South Entrance
74b. Interior, looking East to Vaulted Tunnel
Petroma, Castle
75. Petroma (Rocky Peak at left) from West Bank of the Philabonites, looking East-northeast
76. Suma Kale from East
77a. North Wall, showing Beams at Base
77b. View from West
Suma Kale
78a. View from Southwest
78b. Eastern Section of Castle Walls from South
ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia
79a. Castle Walls from West, showing Position of Blocked Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at left) andPresent Gate (between Round Towers at right)
J
79b. Interior of Castle, General View from South, showing Exterior of Present Gate (bottom left), Church Site(foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and Citadel and Keep (top right)
Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia
80a. Exterior
80b. Interior
ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Blocked Former Gate
Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Citadel Entrance
-
'1 r'
81a. Exterior from South
V_Th3fr 4,.r —
81 b. Interior from North
82a.
Cur
tain
Wal
l fro
m n
ear
Blo
cked
For
mer
Gat
e (a
t lef
t) to
Nor
th T
ower
of P
rese
nt G
ate
(at r
ight
)82
b.Pr
esen
t Gat
e, E
xter
ior,
with
Nor
th T
ower
at l
eft
ebin
kara
hisa
r, M
avro
kast
ron-
Kar
ahis
ar o
f K
olon
eia
83a.
Mav
roka
stro
n-K
arah
isar
of
Kol
onei
a, C
iste
rn E
ntra
nce
SSeb
inka
rahi
sar
84a. General View from South-southeast, before building of New Coastal Road
84b. Inner Bailey from Southwest
Koralla
oc
86.
Kor
alla
, Mid
dle
and
Inne
r B
aile
ys f
rom
Sou
th
7)b
4w
0
0
Cd
0000
88a. cqme Ond Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from East
88b. Yoros Burunu Kale from West, before building of New Coastal Road
89a. South Wall, Exterior, looking West
89b. View from WestGelida Kale
90a. (Ca. 1890)
90b. General View
Kordyle from South-southeast
91 a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Exterior, looking Northeast toward Projecting Tower
91b. Castle, Interior, looking toward Westernmost Corner, showing Break in Wall at right indicating Projecting Tower, andWindow in Wall at left above Hidden Door to Projecting Keep
Kordyle
92a. Kordyle, Keep, Exterior from Southwest
93b. Fol Maden, Church, Apses, Exterior
92b. Kordyle, Keep, Interior, Middle andUpper Storey Windows
93a. Fol Maden, Church from Southwest
93c. Apses, Interior 93d. North Conch. Traces of Painting
Fol Maden, Church
94. Trikomia, Central Kalenima Dere, looking West from near Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe (Horovi) at left,and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at top right
95a. Visera, Church from Southeast (1929)
95c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from West
95b. Visera, Church from Southwest (1959)
Trikomia
96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), East Wall
96b. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse. Ropework Decoration, detail
Trikomia
97. Walls, Interior, looking South down Cheriana Valley to Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in fardistance, with Ulusiran at upper left
98a. View from SouthMumya Kale
98b. Mumya Kale, Structure on Summit
99a. Mumya Kale, looking Southwest to Nor§un,at least Two Walls, Exterior
99b. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulreker),Fortified Church
100. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulceker), Fortified Church, North Wall.Painting, Martyr (left) and Military Saint (right)
101a. A5agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik,Northern Piece of Masonry, detail
101b. A§agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik, Basilica, looking Southeast
102b. Kalur Kale, Fort102a. View from Village toward Fortson Lykos (Kelkit) River
Kelora (Kalur, now cakirkaya)
103a. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of Vicus Settlement.
103b. General View
Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle, looking East
z Or 0 O
TREBIS ONDE.
105b.
Daphnous from Lower Church ofSt. Sabbas, looking West towardSt. Eleutherios and Leontokastron.Original drawing for Curzon(1843), pl. opp. p. 175, from Coll.of Francis Witts Esq., UpperSlaughter Manor, inscribed: "Thequarantine at Trebizond, from aruined chapel, to the N.E.-1843.The city of Trebizond lies just overthe hill. The high building on therocky point, is an old palace, nowmade use of as the quarantine."
106. Daphnous from West (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (center foreground) and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, FrankishCemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz Tepe (right background), and Mouth of Pyxites (left background)with Hotz-Kymena District beyond
105a. Trebizond from East (after Tournefort, 1701)
107. Trebizond, Southeast Suburb from North (ca. 1893),with Enclosure of Panagia Theoskepastos in right background
108. Trebizond, Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with Daphnous Harbor (left foreground), Meydan (darksquare at upper right); at right New Coastal Road which destroyed Eastern Foreshore, although Former GreekFrontisterion survives in right foreground
109b
.L
ower
City
, Eas
t Wal
l. M
aled
ictio
n of
130
2, a
nd R
egul
atio
ns o
f 13
14 f
or C
orps
of
Nig
htw
atch
men
(no
w in
Arc
haeo
logi
cal M
useu
m, I
stan
bul)
, pho
togr
aphe
d in
situ
(ca
. 189
0)
109a
.Sa
nta
Mar
ia, T
ombs
tone
of
Titu
s A
urel
ius
Apo
linar
isof
Leg
io X
V A
polli
nari
sT
rebi
zond
110b
.L
ower
City
, Zag
nos
Kap
isi T
ower
and
Gat
e (a
t lef
t)fr
om S
outh
wes
t
110a
.M
iddl
e C
ity, F
oot o
f N
orth
wes
t Wal
l, C
lass
ical
Mas
onry
Trebizond
1 1 la. Exedra between Middle City and Citadel, Classical Masonry, from East
l 1 lb. Zagnos Koprusu, South Side, Classical Masonry (arrows)
Trebizond
I 12a. View from South-southwest (ca. 1940) 112b. View from Southwest
Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4
113. West Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related to Tower
(double exposure, 1893)
Trebizond, Lower City
114. Trebizond, Relief Blocks
115a. Molos Kapisi from North
115b. Tower East of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Interior
Trebizond, Lower City
I 16a. Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner (now destroyed)from Northwest
1 I 6b. Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner(now destroyed) from Southeast (Hunter, 1899)
117a. Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu, South Side,Masonry detail
Trebizond
I 17b. South Side, Masonry
118b. Ravine Stream, North Side
118a. Ravine Stream, South Side
Trebizond, Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu
119a
.So
uth
of Z
agno
s K
opru
su
Tre
bizo
nd, M
iddl
e C
ity, W
est W
all
120.
Tre
bizo
nd, M
iddl
e C
ity, T
abak
hane
Kop
rusu
and
Eas
t Wal
l fro
m N
orth
(ca
. 189
3), s
how
ing
Com
plet
e N
orth
Cur
tain
Wal
l of
Cita
del,
Top
of
Tow
er o
fJo
hn I
V a
t lef
t, an
d St
ruct
ure
enca
sing
Exe
dra
at r
ight
121a
.M
iddl
e C
ity, B
yzan
tine
Wal
l and
win
dow
Nor
th o
f C
hrys
okep
halo
s12
1b.
Cita
del,
Nor
th W
all,
Feat
ure
3, M
ason
ry E
2
Trebizond
122.
Tre
bizo
nd, C
itade
l, G
ener
al V
iew
fro
m S
outh
east
, with
St.
Eug
enio
s (N
o. 7
7) in
for
egro
und
and
Gul
baha
r H
atun
Cam
ii be
yond
Cita
del (
tele
phot
o le
nsdi
stor
ts s
cale
)
123a
.V
iew
fro
m N
orth
east
123b
.V
iew
fro
m N
orth
east
Cor
ner
Tre
bizo
nd, C
itade
l, N
orth
Wal
l (Fe
atur
e 5)
, sho
win
g O
ttom
an G
ate
G a
ttach
ed to
Wal
l E2
124a. Citadel, North Wall, Interior between Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,with Traces of Earlier Foundations
124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine of St.Athanasios the Exorcist
Trebizond
125a. Exterior (Feature 8), showing Curve at right mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3on D3, with Blocked Crenellations midway up Wall, on about Five Courses of A at left onCorner
125b. Interior, looking along Feature 8 toward Feature 13, showing CrenellationsUnblocked since 1893
Trebizond, Citadel, Northeast Corner
e
126. View from East Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower of John IV at left (South) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading toAngled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and Buttress (Feature 11), All ofMasonry D1, to right of Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost), including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at left(Northeast Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at right: Masonry A Base, D3Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations, surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with Crenellations unblocked
127a. View from East Ravine(before 1914)
127b. View from East Ravine(1963)
Trebizond, Citadel
128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, detail, showing Water 128b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from South, showingDrains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top Position of Two Christian Reliefs
129. View from Feature 13, looking North toward Feature 8
Trebizond, Citadel, East Wall
130a. The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 130b. Elijah and the Raven
East Wall, Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques
131 a. View from South, showing "Theodora's Bedchamber" (Feature 22) at left,and Tower of John IV (Feature 16) at right
131b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Interior from West,with St. Eugenios in Background
Trebizond, Citadel
132. Trebizond, Citadel, Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from Southeast (1916), showing Classical Masonry A at Base,Darker 13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry E3, and Main Tower inMasonry F of 1458-60 (top lost between 1893-1916) above
133a
.V
iew
fro
m W
est,
show
ing
Feat
ure
22 (
with
Ove
rhan
g of
"T
heod
ora'
s13
3b.
Vie
w f
rom
Eas
t, sh
owin
g Fe
atur
e 22
("T
heod
ora'
s B
edch
ambe
r")
abov
e C
ours
esB
edch
ambe
r")
at le
ft a
nd M
ason
ry A
bel
owof
E3,
Six
or
Seve
n B
lock
ed C
rene
llatio
ns o
f In
ner
Wal
l in
Mas
onry
D3,
and
Foot
ings
of
Mas
onry
A
Tre
bizo
nd, C
itade
l, So
uthe
ast C
orne
r, I
nner
and
Out
er W
alls
134a. General View (1971)
134b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3, especially on Outer Wall between Features 19 and 18 (1916)
Trebizond, Citadel, Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from South
135a. Southwest Buildings from Northeast, showing Features 21 (foreground),22 (left background), and 23 (right background)
135b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Interior
Trebizond, Citadel
136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from Southwest
136b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration of Feature 24 at right
Trebizond, Citadel
137a. Features 26 and 27, looking North from Feature 25, showing Modern Facing over Masonry Types
137b. Northwest Hall (Feature 28) from South-southeast
Trebizond, Citadel
138a. Masonry C. Lower East Facade, Window at left
138b. North Face, Windows in Lower Register (right-hand window refaced)
Trebizond, Citadel, Feature 28
139a. Feature 28, Northeast Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1 (above), Oinaion Stone Course, and ThreeStone Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman Times
139b. West Wall, Exterior, Face of Feature 28 between Features 27 and 29, showing Later D or E Work
Trebizond, Citadel
140a. Exterior (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry D2 (telephoto view)
140b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost Crenellations between Masonry D3 and E3 at right and D2 at left
Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall
141. View of Features 19 to 27
142. Bastion 26, Exterior
Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall
143. View of Features 24 to 32
144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of Exedra (Feature 1), and Section between 30 and 32 (at left) pitted withWindows of Later Private Houses and much refaced in H
Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall
145a. North and West Walls from Zagnos Koprusu
145b. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3, and BlockedDoor at bottom left
Trebizond, Citadel
146a
.Jo
in b
etw
een
Mas
onry
D3
and
E3
Nor
thw
est o
f B
astio
n 19
,de
tail
(tel
epho
to v
iew
)
Tre
bizo
nd, C
itade
l14
6b.
Bas
tion
19 f
rom
Fea
ture
20,
sho
win
g E
3 W
ork
on M
ason
ry D
3
147a
.Fe
atur
e 24
, Blo
cked
Doo
r at
Bas
e14
7b.
Bas
tion
26, S
outh
Fac
e, s
how
ing
poss
ible
E3
Wor
k on
One
or
Mor
e T
ypes
of
Ear
lier
Inde
term
inat
e M
ason
ry
Tre
bizo
nd, C
itade
l
148a
.E
xedr
a (F
eatu
re 3
2), m
ostly
ref
aced
, Blo
cked
Doo
r14
8b.
Bas
tion
30 f
rom
Sou
th, s
how
ing
poss
ible
Mas
onry
El a
nd E
3fr
om S
outh
abov
e E
arlie
r Fo
otin
g
Trebizond, Citadel
149.
Tre
bizo
nd, L
eont
okas
tron
fro
m W
est (
ca. 1
893)
, with
Chu
rch
B in
for
egro
und
150a. View from East-southeast (ca. 1893)
150b. North Facade
Trebizond, Bedesten
15 I a. Leontokastron, Southwest Structure and Gate, with Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below
151b. Tomb of Alexios IV from South-southeast( 1916), with Kulakli Cesme between Tomb and North Apse of Chrysokephalos
Trebizond
152a. Eastern Seaboard, looking West from Leontokastron (before 1923). In foreground West Wall of Leontokastron (No.14), then Venetian Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B (No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large19th-century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21 and 28),Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos
152b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from Frontisterion and Southeast (1958)
Trebizond
153a. View from Southeast 153b. View from Southwest
Soguksu Church L (No. 39)
154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893), with Belfry at left, "Milk Fountain" below, and West Zhamatun ofMain Church of 1424 at right
Trebizond
155a
.G
ate
of S
t. D
ynam
is a
nd c
ifte
Ham
ami (
No.
42)
fro
m S
outh
wes
t,w
ith C
hape
lM
(N
o. 4
0) N
orth
wes
t of
cift
e H
amam
i
155b
.K
aym
akh,
Arm
enia
n M
onas
tery
(19
59),
sho
win
g M
ain
Chu
rch
(and
Los
t Zha
mat
un)
at le
ft, a
nd C
hape
l of
1421
and
Mon
astic
Bui
ldin
gs o
f 16
88 a
t rig
ht
Tre
bizo
nd
156.
Tre
bizo
nd, K
aym
akli,
Arm
enia
n M
onas
tery
, Sm
alle
r C
hape
l, In
scri
ptio
n of
142
1ov
er L
inte
l
157a
.Fr
om E
ast-
nort
heas
t15
7b.
Inte
rior
, bef
ore
rero
ofin
g (1
929)
Tre
bizo
nd, K
aym
akli,
Arm
enia
n M
onas
tery
, Mai
n C
hurc
h, P
enta
gona
l Aps
e
158a
.W
est W
all.
Pain
ting
abov
e C
entr
al D
oor,
Het
oim
asia
(19
59)
158b
.Z
ham
atun
, Eas
t Wal
l, N
orth
Sid
e. P
aint
ing,
the
Cru
cifi
xion
(ca
189
3)
Tre
bizo
nd, K
aym
akh,
Arm
enia
n M
onas
tery
, Mai
n C
hurc
h
159a. 159b.Khach`k`ar Khach`k`arnear Lintel in Mainof Smaller chapel Church
Trebizond, Kaymakli,Armenian Monastery
160a. Upper chapel from Northeast
160c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery PlatformSouth of Rock-cut Chapel
160b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, detail
160d. Rock-cut Chapel from South
Trebizond, Manglavita (No. 49)
161.
Und
ated
Sto
ne P
laqu
e (d
iam
. 0.3
9m, d
epth
0.0
8 m
) fr
om S
t. G
eorg
e K
ourt
za (
No.
82)
,pr
obab
ly o
rigi
nally
fro
m C
hrys
okep
halo
s (N
o. 1
20),
with
Ins
crip
tion
162.
Pana
gia
Chr
ysok
epha
los,
Int
erio
r, lo
okin
g W
est,
show
ing
Nar
thex
and
Exo
nart
hex,
bel
ow, a
ndK
atec
houm
ena
of 1
214-
35 a
nd 1
342-
51, w
here
Em
pero
r an
d E
mpr
ess
appe
ared
for
Cor
onat
ion
Acc
lam
atio
ns, a
bove
Tre
bizo
nd
163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and North Porch from East-northeast
164. St. Anne (No. 61) from South (ca. 1893)
Trebizond
165a. Chapel from Northeast (1963)
165b. Arch over North Door, Exterior (1963)
Trebizond, St. Andrew (No. 60)
166a.;'"' South Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques
Inserted after 1893
166b.Relief, Warrior at left;Winged Figure (Head attop, Wings behind, Legsbelow at right); andInscription
167a. Reused Capital, from Southeast 167b. Reused Capital, from Northeast
Trebizond, St. Anne
168a. View from South
168b. Reused Classical Block over West Door, with supposed Justimanic Inscription
Trebizond, St. Basil (No. 66)
169. Wall Painting exposed in 1973
170a. Wall Painting, Angel
Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End
170b. Head of Christ
170c. Left Hand of Christ
Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End Wall Painting, details
171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863 from Southeast (photo of ca. 1893)
172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94) from North-northeast (ca. 1893)
Trebizond
173a. First Church, North Wall, Exterior, Molding
173b. Apse and Drum from Northeast
173c. North Capital and Moldingsaround Former West Door
Trebizond, St. Philip (No. 108)
174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), East Cave Chapel. Sts. Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)
175. Possible Remains of Western Extension of "Sea Wall" near S. Croce(?), East of Molos (1932)
Trebizond
176a
.Fr
om E
ast-
sout
heas
t (ca
. 183
6)(a
fter
Tex
ier
and
Pulla
n)
176b
.Fr
om R
oof
of C
hurc
h, a
fter
Res
tora
tion
of 1
880s
and
imm
edite
ly b
efor
eR
esto
ratio
n of
196
1-62
Tre
bizo
nd, H
agia
Sop
hia
(No.
112
), V
iew
s of
Tow
er
176c
.Fr
om E
ast-
sout
heas
t (19
72),
show
ing
Aps
e of
Cha
pel o
f 14
43ab
ove
Pane
l with
Im
peri
alPo
rtra
its
177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)
178a. Tower, Base of East Wall.Inscription: "Etovs,s'h.'XE' (I)v(btxtLwvos) E' jQX"1*L (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)
178b. Tower, East Face, Exterior Panel. Painted Inscription of John IV:... (3)MRXE-is xai ahtoxpdtwp `P(wµai)wv xatFIEpatEtas 6 (M>`)yac Koµv(n)vds xai v(t)6S tov EvoE(3EOtdtov ((3a)aLXEw(S) xvp(t)ov
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia
179a. Apse, Conch
179b. East Wall, South Side
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel
180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of South Wall
180b. East Wall, South Side, detail
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel
181. East Wall, North Side
182a. West Wall. The Dormition
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel
182b. Head of Angel Who cuts offHand of Jephonias
182c. Head of Mourner
The Dormition, details
182d. The Dormition, detail,Head of Mourner
183. South Door, Keystone of Arch
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel
184a. East Side. The Baptism
184b. West Side. The Transfiguration
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South door
185a. The Annunciation
185b. The Annunciation, detail, the Virgin
186a. The Nativity, detail
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall
186b. Sheep
187. The Presentation
186c. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child
Nativity, details
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall
188a. The Cosmos 188b. Ears and Tongues
South Wall. The Pentecost, details
189. North Window, Arch. Pattern in top center
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel
190a. The Crucifixion
190b. Epitaphios Threnos
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall
190c. The Anastasis
191. Base at East End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other Graffiti on Robe
Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall
192b. Center and North Apses
192a. South Apse
193a. Chapel from Southeast
193c. South Wall. Painting
Trebizond, Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)
193b. Apse. Wall Painting
Phantak ((;akilca Koyu)
194a. South Wall. Large Figure
194b. North Wall. Inscription 194c. North Wall. Two Female Saints
Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B
195. Narthex. Two Martyr Saints 196. Exterior. Mounted Saint
West Wall
197. South Wall, Exterior. Warrior Saints
Pipat (Bibat Koyii), Church B
198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota (Ku5tul, Simsirli) from North
199a. General View from South, showing Dark Lineof Bushes marking Buried Church
199b. Nave and Main Apse, looking Northeast, showingPaintings of Cross at top and Mother of God(hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below inArchway
Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church
200a. North Door and Ruined Porch,Exterior, looking Southeast
201a. West Door, Interior
200b. North Door, Interior
201b. Nave, North Side, before Destructionof Painting of Mother of God
Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church
202a. North Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings ofArchangel Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier
202b. North Apse. Archangel Gabriel
203b. Northeast Pier, West Face. Foliated Cross
Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church
204a. Southwest Pier, East Face.St. Theodore Stratelates, after Mutilation
204b. Southwest Pier, East Face, looking Southwest fromCenter of Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and CenterBay, South Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena
Sarma§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church
204c. Sarm§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church, Center Bay, South 205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakli),Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena, after Mutilation Church from Southeast
206. AngUrga (Dianeiacha?),Chapel from Northwest
207b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist
207a. Doubera (Libera, Yazlik), Castle
207c. Grotto, St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt?
Doubera (Libera, Yazlik)
208.
Mon
aste
ry a
nd M
t. M
ela
from
Nor
thea
st20
9.M
onas
tery
(19
29)
Soum
ela
(Mer
yem
ana)
210a. South Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, and Andronikos (1929)
210b. North Wall, Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in 1970)
Soumela (Meryemana), Katholikon
211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking South, showing Beginning ofOld Summer Road to Castle at Center Horizon
212a. Gate Tower 212b. Wall overlooking Valley
Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)
9
214. View from Northeast
MP
B '
215b. North Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, theChrist Child, and Mother of God with Donor (not AbbotNikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon of 1391) below
215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany
Sachnoe (Kopriiyanm), "Kurt Boghan," The Taxiarchai Church (1929)
216a. North Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias, from above
216b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from Southeast
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)
217a. The Ascension (2)
217b. The Koimesis (4), detail
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias
218. The Heavenly Host (5), detail
219b. The Annunciation and the Nativity (7), details
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias
220. The Nativity
221. The Presentation (7)
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias
222. The Baptism (8)
223a. The Raising of Lazarus (9)
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias
223b. The Raising of Lazarus, detail
224a. The Crucifixion (10)
224b. The Anastasis (11)
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias
225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),detail (note Graffiti)
225b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)
225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30), and St. George (31)
Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias
226a. Pyxites, Northwest Slope, General View, showing Panagia Kremaste at centerand stasis of Aitherisa (Sevimili) above
226b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro, looking North, with Krenasa, Giannakanton, Pontyla, and Giannantonat right, and Kounakalin to left of Prytanis River
227b
.Pa
laio
kast
ro, C
astle
of
Pala
iom
atzo
uka
(Ham
siko
y K
ale,
Dik
Kay
a K
ale)
fro
m E
ast
227a
.Pa
laio
kast
ro (
on S
pur)
, Gen
eral
Vie
w, l
ooki
ng N
orth
228.
Lef
ka (
Ham
siko
y), H
oly
Savi
or, C
hape
l fro
m N
orth
east
from
Cha
psa
(Ham
siko
y)
229a
.V
iew
of
Vill
age
on S
outh
Sid
e of
Pas
s (a
bove
) an
d22
9b.
Cas
tleR
uine
d H
an (
belo
w)
from
Cas
tle
Zig
ana
(Kal
kand
ere)
230.
Imer
a, M
onas
tery
of
St. J
ohn
from
Nor
thw
est (
1893
)
•
,-a
I
231 a. View from South
231b. Upper and Lower Towers
Nacarli (Mochora?), Yagli Dere Kale
4-
V
— r-,,:1
I
r
4,
1
-- St• •--
- S
* - -
- —• -
- :
—r
- p
I - -
—S 'IIf -
233a
.V
iew
fro
m N
orth
east
and
Zig
ana
Roa
d, s
how
ing
Cas
tle a
t lef
t, ab
ove
Gor
ge w
here
Phi
labo
nite
s be
com
es K
anis
(H
arsi
t) R
iver
233b
.C
astle
fro
m N
orth
, sho
win
g C
urta
in W
all a
t lef
t
232c
.K
rom
ni C
astle
(K
urum
Kal
e) f
rom
Nor
thea
stA
rdas
a (T
orul
)
233c. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Curtain Wall, Interior
233d. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Tower at Summit 234. Kirkilise, Chapel from Southeast
235a. Double Church from Southeast, with Chapel B in foreground
235b. Chapel B, Apses
Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)
236a
.D
oor
from
Cha
pel B
to C
hape
l A, S
outh
Sid
e23
6b.
Cha
pel A
, Eas
t End
in f
oreg
roun
d, a
nd C
astle
(Ik
isu
Kal
e)in
bac
kgro
und
Dip
otam
os (
Ikis
u K
Oyü
)
237a. Chapel B, North Wall (former Exterior South Wall,Chapel A). Red and Black Decoration to left of Door
238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from Southwest
237b. Chapel A, West Wall. Head of Saint
Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)
239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle
240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, 241. Golacha (?) (Colo§ana), Castle from Wested. Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on theCheriana Road
242a
.Fr
om S
outh
242b
.L
ower
Gat
e fr
om U
pper
Gat
e
243a
.B
ayan
a K
ale
from
Nor
thw
est
Soro
gain
a (S
oruy
ana)
Cas
tle
243b. View from West
243c. View from Northeast
Bayana Kale
244a. Castle from West
244b. Castle, West Walls from East 245. Chapel A from East
Tzanicha (Canca)
246. Chapel B (left) and Chapel A (right) from West
247a. View from South 247b. Window Soffit, Acrostic
Chapel B
Tzanicha (Canca)
248a. Apse, North Side, Decoration
248c. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom)
248b. West Wall, North Side,Two Standing Saints
Tzanicha (Canca), Chapel A
I
I
4"-
I
¶
4%..-
—-
—1'
trr
I
'4.:_
'4-
-
bk;-
-:-
--
It'-?
-t—
*0'
--—
-r-
-et
a:-
'4
_'t-
--'-'
4.'-'
iy
1/-
-—
---
.-
it--
.
—
.4*
1'
250a. View from Southwest
250b. View from North
Kog Kale
25 I a. Northwest Tower and Main Gate
251 c. Interior, Northeast Corner
251b. Interior, Kitchen Wall and Fireplace
Kog Kale
252. Central Cistern 253a. View from Southwest, showing Blocked Cave(below) and West Tower (above)
253b. East Entrance
Kouazi (Kovans)
254a. View from Southwest
254b. View from South, showing Upper (left) and Lower (right) Fortifications
Kouazi (Kovans)
255a
.K
ouaz
i (K
ovan
s), W
est T
ower
, Int
erio
r, lo
okin
g E
ast
255b
.K
ouaz
i (K
ovan
s) f
rom
Sou
th,
show
ing
Low
er F
ortif
icat
ions
in f
oreg
roun
d
256a
.K
ovan
s K
oyu
from
Sou
th
256b
.K
ovan
s K
oyu,
Cha
pel,
Aps
e
257a. West Wall
257b. South Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in foreground
Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)
258a. South Wall, Blocked Door
258b. South Door, Lintel
259. South Wall, Window
Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)
260a. East Wall
260b. Main Apse, Window, Exterior
260c. Northeast Corner, showing Blocked Pastophory
Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)
261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii), Interior, looking Southeast
262. Hosmesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse
263a
.V
iew
fro
m W
est
263c
.V
iew
fro
m S
outh
263b
.V
iew
fro
m E
ast
263d
.V
iew
Sou
th f
rom
Kal
ecik
on
Ara
kh B
urun
u,sh
owin
g A
ttach
ed W
alle
d Si
te
Kal
ecik
on
Ara
kli B
urun
u
265a
.N
orth
Gat
e, M
ason
ry w
ith C
orni
ce, d
etai
l264.
Gen
eral
Vie
w f
rom
Wes
t, sh
owin
g N
orth
Gat
e at
Edg
e of
Slo
pe
265b
.N
orth
Gat
e, U
pper
Sto
rey,
Spr
ingi
ng o
f A
rch
Sous
ourm
aina
-Can
ayer
on
Ara
kli B
urun
u
265c
.So
uth
Gat
e, U
pper
Sto
rey,
Dec
orat
ed F
loor
266a
.G
orge
bel
ow P
azar
cik
(ca.
250
0 m
),w
ith a
rtif
icia
lly e
nlar
ged
Cav
es a
t lef
t
266b
.V
iew
fro
m S
outh
east
266c
.Fo
rtif
icat
ion
at S
outh
Ent
ranc
e
Aho
-Zav
zaga
Kal
e on
the
Kar
a D
ere
•1L
-..
.
4-
270a. Lower and Upper Citadels,looking South from Walled Town
270c. Upper Citadel, Northwest Tower, Brick Arch
270b. Upper Citadel, Southwest Tower,Exterior
Rhizaion
271a
.E
xter
ior,
Fea
ture
1 (
Bas
tion)
and
Tow
er 2
, loo
king
Nor
th
271b
.In
teri
or, l
ooki
ng S
outh
, Rel
ievi
ng A
rche
s27
1c.
Inte
rior
, loo
king
Nor
th, R
elie
ving
Arc
hes
and
Tow
er 2
Rhi
zaio
n, L
ower
Cita
del,
Wes
t Wal
l
272a. West Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting
272c. Northwest End, Tower 8
272b. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9
Rhizaion, Walled Town
273. Rhizaion, Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled Town, with Modern Rize to East in background
274. Bozuk Kale near Gundogdu, East Wall
275. Kordyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from South
276a.General Viewfrom South
276b.West Wall,Gateway
276c.West Wall,Second andThird Storeys
Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi
277a
.A
then
ai-P
azar
, Kiz
Kul
esi,
Nor
th W
all,
Firs
t and
Sec
ond
Stor
eys
278a
.C
ihar
-Kis
e K
ale
from
Nor
th,
show
ing
Typ
ical
Hou
sing
and
Bar
ns
277b
.A
then
ai-P
azar
, Kiz
Kul
esi,
Nor
th W
all,
Upp
er S
tore
y
278b
.C
ihar
-Kis
e K
ale,
Out
er W
allin
g
279. Cihar-Kize Kale, Central Tower,Stonework imitating Brickwork
280a. Church from West
280b. Door, Arch, Interior
280c. Door, Arch, Exterior
Sapo Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon
28 I a. General View from North
281c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches
Zil Kale
281b. General View from South
I
ati;
- •-
c
k a 4'
282b
.K
eep,
Win
dow
on
Nor
th S
ide
282a
.K
eep
and
Wal
l of
Inne
r B
aile
y fr
om W
est
282c
.K
eep,
Int
erio
r, E
ast W
all
Zil
Kal
e
283a
.V
aros
Kal
e, N
orth
wes
t Sid
e, D
oor
283b
.V
iew
fro
m V
aros
Kal
e, lo
okin
g So
uth
to B
as H
emsi
n an
d T
atos
Mou
ntai
ns
283c
.V
aros
Kal
e, G
ener
al V
iew
fro
m S
outh
284.
Var
o§ K
ale,
pos
sibl
e C
iste
rn
286.
Aps
aros
, Cas
tle f
rom
Sou
th (
Viz
Vre
m, 2
0 [1
961]
, 233
)
285.
Ard
e§en
, Chu
rch,
Mai
n A
pse,
Mas
onry
287a
.Is
pir
Cas
tle, C
hurc
h fr
om S
outh
wes
t
287b
.Is
pir
Cas
tle a
nd A
kam
psis
((;
oruh
) R
iver
fro
m N
orth
287c
.Is
pir
Cas
tle f
rom
Nor
thw
est,
show
ing
Chu
rch
(top
left
) an
d C
over
ed S
tair
way
from
nea
r Su
ltan
Mel
ik M
esci
t (to
p ce
nter
) to
Riv
er (
belo
w)
288a. View from West, showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at right), Church (at left), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)
288b. Church, Main Apse from Southeast, showing Narrow, 288c. Sultan Melik Mescit, Northwest Corner and MinaretTall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse Yellowelsewhere) Stone above and Herringbone Work below
Ispir Castle
289a. Entrance from Northwest
289b. Northeast Side, Masonry
Castle near Norgah, Ispir
290a. View from West
290b. Masonry and Inscription
Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugrilsah