Post on 14-Jul-2015
Definition
• a noncontagious epizootic arthropod-borne viral disease
• cattle and water buffaloes
• sudden onset of fever
• depression
• stiffness
• lameness
• rapid recovery
Epidemiology
• first described in South Africa in 1906
• tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries in Africa, Asia, and Australia
• Thailand since 1984
• Recent Out Break in
• PAKISTAN- 2014
Clinical Signs (1)
• Depressed• High fever (105-107 F) with biphasic or
triphasic fever• Serous ocular and nasal discharge• Anorexia• Decreased milk production• Weight loss• Stiffness and lameness• More severe in high BW animals
• Severe case
Muscle stiffness
Drag feet when forced to walk
Lying down, with hide limbs outstretched-
to relieve muscle cramp
Lie down for three days
Clinical Signs (2)
• Morbidity may reach to 30%
• Low mortality
• Causes of the death
– Pneumonia from secondary infection
– Muscle damaged and inflammation from long period lying down
– Pregnancy toxemia (fatty liver syndrome)
Clinical Signs (3)
Clinical Signs (4)
• Practically Can also be divided in 5 categories
• Lameness
• GIT
• Nervous
• Respiratory
• Sub Cut Emphysema
Sub Cut Emphysema
• Finger is easily Pressed on Back Line underneath it is trapped Air in sub cut tissues
Gross lesions
• the small amounts of fibrin-rich fluid in the pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities and joint capsules
• Lungs emphysema
• The lungs may have patchy edema.
Gross Lesions (2)
• Lymphadenitis
• Enlarged Lymph nodes
• Focal necrosis can be found in major muscle groups in some cases.
• the synovial surfaces of the spine may have fibrin plaques.
Hematology
• an absolute rise in leukocyte numbers • a rapid fall in circulating lymphocytes • a return to normal levels after 3-4 days
• The serum fibrinogen level rises to 3-4 times the normal level and returns to normal 1-2 weeks after recovery.
• The total serum calcium level falls to 1.8 mmol-1 during the febrile phases and returns to normal on recovery.
• This is the biochemical event that causes the reversible early paralysis.
Treatment
• Recovery with no treatment
• In severe cases
– Anti-inflammatory drug: NSAIDs
– Fluid therapy and calcium
– Broad spectrum ABO
Recovery period 3-4 wks.
BEF out break in Pakistan
• Target Animals:– Imported Cattle (Holstein Friesian)
– Not in Local Animals
– Very few in Cross Bred Animals
• Affected Area:– Mega Dairy Farms of Punjab Province
– Not in Sindh
• No. Of Animals Effected • More than 2000 High Lactating Cattle
• Mortalities
– Different in different farms
– More than 400 animals died due to BEF
Cause of Mortalities
• Mortalities were not due to
– secondary bacterial Infection
• Main cause was
– Pulmonary/sub cutaneous emphysema