Post on 06-Jan-2016
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BODY PLANES, DIRECTIONS, CAVITIES,
AND REGIONAL TERMINOLOGY
An Introduction to
Introduction
Anatomic reference systems describe the location and functions of body parts. The basic reference systems are:
body planes body directions body regions body cavities
LMAO!
Objectives understand the how 3 body
planes divide the human body
Be able to use directional terminology in describing different areas of the body
Identify and recognize body regions
Gain a working understanding of body cavities and the organs they house
Anatomical Position and Regional Terms
Anatomical Position Person stands erect with feet together and eyes
forward Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away
from the body Right and left always refers to the sides
belonging to the person or specimen being viewed – never to the viewer
Note: four legged animals have a different anatomical position than humans Their ventral is on the inferior side and dorsal in on
the superior side In humans ventral and anterior is the same and so is
dorsal and posterior
Directional Terminology
1. Anterior = body parts on the front of the body2. Posterior = body parts on the back of the body
The frontal plane divides the body into “anterior” and “posterior” regions.
Directional Terminology
Cranial or Superior = body parts near the head
Caudal or Inferior = body parts located near the sacrum, or tail bone.
Cranial
Caudal
Directional Terminology
1. Medial = body parts located near the middle or midline of the body
2. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body
Lateral and Medial
Lateral referrs to
Directional Terminology
Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference
Distal = body parts away from the point of reference
In Summary…
What is a “Plane?”
A “body plane”is an imaginary line drawn through the body which separates it into sections.
Body Planes: The Sagittal Plane
-The Sagittal Plane Divides the body into right and left sides
Body Planes: The Frontal Plane
The “Frontal Plane” divides the body into front and back section. The frontal plane is sometimes called the “Coronal Plane.”
Body Planes: The Transverse Plane
The “transverse Plane” divides the body into sections above and below the midline.
The Orange activity
Use a marker to label the top and bottom of your orange.
Draw a line around the orange which represents the transverse plane. Label.
Draw a line around the orange which represents the frontal or coronal plane. Label.
Draw a line around the orange which represents the Sagittal Plane. Label.
The Orange activity
Cut the orange in half along the transverse plane. When Finished, use a toothpick to put the orange back together.
Cut the orange in half along coronal plane. When Finished, use toothpicks to put the orange back together.
Cut the orange in half along the Sagittal Plane. When Finished, use toothpicks to put the orange back together.
Abdominal Regions: Quadrants
1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Abdominal Regions:
Epigastric Umbilical Pelvic Hypochondriac Lateral Inguinal
Abdominal Regions
Body Cavities: The Dorsal Cavity
-A long continuous cavity that is located on the back (or posterior) of the body, divided into two sections
Cranial Cavity = contains the brain
Spinal Cavity = contains the spinal cord
Divisions of the Spinal
Cord
Cervical vertebrae: C Thoracic vertebrae: T Lumbar vertebrae: L Sacrum: S
Body Cavities: The Anterior
Larger and separated into 2 distinct cavities by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm, which is important for breathing.
Thoracic Cavity = located in the chest, contains the heart, lungs, and the large blood vessels
Figure 1.7
Pericardial, Pleural, Peritoneal
Body Cavities: The Anterior
2. Abdominal Cavity = divided into quadrants…
Upper part contains the stomach, small intestines, most of the large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen
3. Pelvic Cavity = lower abdominal cavity containing urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and last part of the large intestines
Body Cavities: The Anterior
Body Cavities: Review
Practice Quiz: Can YOU Name these Body
Cavities?
Body Cavities
Thoracic
Adbdominal
Pelvic
Spinal
Cranial
Diaphragm
That’s all Folks!
Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniqes
Traditional more non-invasive method of diagnosis X-rays (electromagnetic waves) directed at the
body Some x-rays are absorbed: amount of absorption
depends on the density of matter encountered
Radiograph image: negative Darker exposed areas represent soft organs (easily
penetrated) Light, unexposed areas correspond to denser
structures such as bones
Contrast medium: solution with heavy elements (i.e. barium) Used to view soft tissue organs
Advanced X-Ray techniques use computer-assisted imaging technologies
Figure 1.10
Radiography X ray: electromagnetic waves of very short length
Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
Heart
(a) Radiograph of the chest (b)Mammogram (cancerous tumor at arrow)
Clavicles(collarbones)
Air inlungs(black)
Ribs
Diaphragm
Advanced Medical Imaging: Computed (Axial) Tomography (CT or CAT)
Takes successive X rays around a person’s circumference
Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the section
Inferiorvena cava
Right Left
Liver
ColonStomach
Aorta
Spleen
Left kidneyThoracicvertebra
View
Barium contrast x-ray showing a cancer of the ascending colon (arrow)
Contrast X-rays
Contrast media make hollow or fluid-filled structures visible
Media can be introduced by injection, orally, or rectally Depends on the
structure imaged
Figure 1.12
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
A contrast medium given: images taken ‘before’ and ‘after’
Computer processes the x-ray images and subtracts the differences
Eliminates all traces of body structures that obscure the vessel
Identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain
Figure 1.13
• Produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
• Decaying isotopes emits gamma raysDetected by sensors,
translated into impulses and sent to a computer
• Active areas receiving more blood light up
PET (Positron Emission Tomography): accesses functional flow of blood to the heart & brain
Figure 1.14
Sonography (Ultrasound Imaging)
Pulses of high frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves reflect (echo) off tissue
Computer analyzes the echoes to construct sectional images
Inexpensive/safer technique but not used for viewing air-filled structures or structures surrounded by bone
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
High-energy magnetic field causes protons (H+) in tissues and fluids to align in relation to the field Pulse of radio waves emitted to misalign H+
As they realign with the magnet a radio wave is again emitted Sensors ‘read’ these ion patterns, computerized signals produce detailed images
of soft tissues
Interior view of the colon as shown by colonoscopy
Endoscopy
Endoscope: lighted instrument with lenses
Used for visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities
Colonoscopy: interior of the colon
Arthroscopy: interior of a joint
Laparoscopy: interior of abdominopelvic organs