hem/o and hemat/o plasma - 55% formed elements - 45% serum - plasma without

clotting proteins

RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

erythr/o - red cyte - cell Hemoglobin - blood

protein transports oxygen

Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte

RBCs produced by red bone marrow

leuk/o - white Protect the body

against invasion Pass through

capillary walls

Granulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies) basophils (promote inflammation)

Agranulocytes lymphocytes (production of

circulating antibodies) monocytes (macrophages)

Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.

smallest formed element made in bone marrow essential to blood coagulation If injury, blood comes in contact with any

tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.

plasma 92% water 8% plasma proteins

albumin globulin fibrinogen

serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen

To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells

Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels

Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems

Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction

Major structures lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils

Also spleen thymus

lymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return

to it to the blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones

and oxygen) to body cells carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive

system control of infection

Lymph originates in blood plasma

Interstitial fluid cleans and

nourishes body tissues

collects cellular debris, bacteria

return to blood or lymph capillaries

located in lymph vessels

small round or oval structures (filters)

depositories for cellular debris

bacteria and debris phagocytized

inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)

almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and

often swell as an indicator of the disease process

sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue

filter for lymph phagocytic cells hemolytic

lymphatic tissue mediastinum primary role: changes

lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity

masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph

located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination

any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance

should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.

Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)

Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen

Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction

Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs

A - A antigen B - B antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens

Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen

Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.

Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US.

Rh positive and Rh negative Rh neg pregnant woman may

develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.

hemolytic disease of the newborn

prevented with RhoGAM

Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease

Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life

Health Age Heredity

Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

symptom of disease erythropenia hypochromasia hematocrit

Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years

AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease

After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.

Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.

Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.

Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis

Hypoproteinemia lowers osmotic pressure within blood

large amounts of plasma pass out of blood poor lymph drainage increased capillary permeability congestive heart failure localized edema, ascites

Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men lack factor VIII, essential for blood

clotting hematomas hemarthrosis

Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,

atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.

transmitted by droplet infection Infection confers permanent immunity Treatment symptomatic

Metastasis, Metastasize Carcinoma

Malignant Melanoma Adenocarcinoma

Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.) Osteocarcoma Osteosarcoma Myosarcoma Myeloma

Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organs

malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells

acute myelogenous leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemia

Malignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of

lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly

Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis

Malignancy associated with AIDS lesions emerge as purplish-brown

macules and develop into plaques and nodules