Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems
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Transcript of Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems
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hem/o and hemat/o plasma - 55% formed elements - 45% serum - plasma without
clotting proteins
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RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis
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erythr/o - red cyte - cell Hemoglobin - blood
protein transports oxygen
Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte
RBCs produced by red bone marrow
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leuk/o - white Protect the body
against invasion Pass through
capillary walls
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Granulocytes neutrophils (phagocytosis) eosinophils (allergies) basophils (promote inflammation)
Agranulocytes lymphocytes (production of
circulating antibodies) monocytes (macrophages)
Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.
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smallest formed element made in bone marrow essential to blood coagulation If injury, blood comes in contact with any
tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.
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plasma 92% water 8% plasma proteins
albumin globulin fibrinogen
serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen
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To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances pathogenic microorganisms allergens toxins malignant cells
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Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels
Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems
Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction
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Major structures lymph vessels lymph nodes lymph fluid tonsils
Also spleen thymus
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lymph/o drain fluid from tissue spaces and return
to it to the blood transport materials (nutrients, hormones
and oxygen) to body cells carry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive
system control of infection
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Lymph originates in blood plasma
Interstitial fluid cleans and
nourishes body tissues
collects cellular debris, bacteria
return to blood or lymph capillaries
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located in lymph vessels
small round or oval structures (filters)
depositories for cellular debris
bacteria and debris phagocytized
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inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)
almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and
often swell as an indicator of the disease process
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sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
filter for lymph phagocytic cells hemolytic
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lymphatic tissue mediastinum primary role: changes
lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity
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masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph
located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination
any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance
should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.
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Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)
Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen
Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction
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Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
A - A antigen B - B antigen AB - both AB antigens O - no AB antigens
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Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen
Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.
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Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US.
Rh positive and Rh negative Rh neg pregnant woman may
develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
prevented with RhoGAM
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Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease
Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life
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Health Age Heredity
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Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced
symptom of disease erythropenia hypochromasia hematocrit
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Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years
AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease
After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.
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Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.
Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.
Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis
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Hypoproteinemia lowers osmotic pressure within blood
large amounts of plasma pass out of blood poor lymph drainage increased capillary permeability congestive heart failure localized edema, ascites
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Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men lack factor VIII, essential for blood
clotting hematomas hemarthrosis
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Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,
atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.
transmitted by droplet infection Infection confers permanent immunity Treatment symptomatic
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Metastasis, Metastasize Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.) Osteocarcoma Osteosarcoma Myosarcoma Myeloma
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Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organs
malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells
acute myelogenous leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Malignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of
lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly
Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis
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Malignancy associated with AIDS lesions emerge as purplish-brown
macules and develop into plaques and nodules