BIOMES a. Large geographic regions of the earth’s surface defined by a specific climate and...

BIOMES

a. Large geographic regions of the earth’s surface defined by a specific

climate and dominant plant and animal species.

*Can contain many different ecosystems

*6 Major Terrestrial Biomes:

Coniferous ForestDeciduous Forest

DesertGrassland

Tropical Rain ForestTundra

TUNDRALocation =

South of Arctic Circle; North of Coniferous Forest

; Only in Northern Hemisphere.Polar Zone

TUNDRA

TUNDRATemperature:

Very low temperatures; Range = -34o – 55o F;

(video -113 – 41 F) Long winter, very short summer

= growing season.

TUNDRAPrecipitation:

Low; 2nd only to desert in least amount of precipitation.

Approx. 10” annually.Snow that does fall doesn’t

melt quickly.

TUNDRAAnimals:

Caribou, Musk Oxen, ptarmigan, arctic fox,

lemmings, mosquitoes, biting flies.

Ptarmigan in summer plumage

Ptarmigan in winter

plumage

Arctic Fox in summer coat

Arctic Fox in winter coat

Extra Fat/Fur

for winter;

Seasonal Coloration

Migration

TUNDRAAutotrophs:

Lichen, arctic willow, reindeer moss, candy tuff

grass.

Low growing to avoid wind; rapid reproductive cycle.

SPRING

SUMMER

WINTER

Coniferous Forest

Location:

Just south of the tundra; above deciduous forest in

northern hemisphere. Temperate Zone

Coniferous Forest

Coniferous ForestTemperature:

Low to moderate temperatures; -20o-mid 80’so

F; Long winter followed short spring, summer, and fall seasons. Only 50-100 frost-free days per year.

Coniferous Forest

Precipitation:

Low to moderate; Ranks 4th in amount; 10-30”

annually.(video = 20-50” annually)

Coniferous Forest

Animals:

Moose, elk, grizzly bear, wolverines, badgers, lynx,

mink, fishers, crossbill, loons

Extra fat/fur in winter; hibernation; migration

Coniferous Forest

Plants:

Many Fir trees, Pine trees, Spruce trees, and Larches; scattered Aspen, Maples, Birch; blueberry bushes.

Coniferous ForestPlant Adaptations:

Needles = reduced surface area to reduce water loss; antifreeze-like chemical inside prevents water from freezing; needles retained all year to photosynthesize all year.

Shape of tree & flexible branches allows snow to slide off.

Coniferous Forest

Other:

Thick layer of decaying needles on forest floor

creates acidic soil.Least diverse forest.

Largest terrestrial biome.

Deciduous ForestLocation:

Mid-latitudes of northern and southern hemisphere; Just south of coniferous

forest in northern hemisphere. Temperate

Deciduous Forest

Temperatures:

Low to moderate temperatures; -5o to 85o

F; 4 seasons of equal length.

Deciduous Forest

Precipitation:

Moderate to high; Ranks 5th in amount; Range = 30”- 60” (video = 30”-

80”) annually.

Deciduous Forest

Animals:

White Tail Deer, Gray squirrel, Black bear,

Cottontail rabbit, Opossum, Box turtle,

Rattlesnake, Chickadee, Cardinals, Eastern

Bluebird.

Deciduous Forest

Animal Adaptations:

HibernationExtra fat/fur in winterMigration (70% of birds do

this!)

Deciduous Forest

Plants:

Oak trees, Maple trees, Hickory trees, Walnut

trees, Poplar trees, Ash trees, Mountain laurel, Eastern Hemlock, White

Pines.

Deciduous ForestPlant Adaptations:

Broad Flat leaves = increased surface area for maximum photosynthesis during growing season.

Autumn Leave Abscission = preparation for winter.

Deciduous Forest

Other:

Rich layer of soil (humus) on forest floor from

annual decay of leaves. Autumn leave Abscission

= Colorful autumn.

GRASSLANDSLocation:

Middle latitudes in the interior of continents (except Antarctica)

Temperate and Tropic Zones

GRASSLANDS

GRASSLANDSTemperature:

Low – high; -40o – 100+oF.

GRASSLANDSPrecipitation:

Low to moderate; Ranks 3rd in amount.

Range = 10”-20” (video = 10”-40”) annually.

GRASSLANDSAnimals:

Bison, Prairie dogs, Jack rabbit, Antelope,

Diamondback Rattlesnake, Prairie Chickens, Wolves,

Coyote.

GRASSLANDSAnimal Adaptations:

HibernationExtra fat/fur in the winterMigrationBurrowing = dig into ground to hide and stay cool/dry.

Herding = Safety in numbers

GRASSLANDSPlants:

Bluegrass, Needle grass, Little bluestem grass, Indian grass, Switch

grass, Clover, Sunflowers, Coneflowers

(10,000 types of native grasses)

GRASSLANDSPlant Adaptations:Low growth point (at base

of leaves above roots) allows plant to survive

fire, grazing, drought, and freezing and then grow

Crown = location of the apical meristem = growth point of grass.

GRASSLANDSOther:

Extremely fertile soil due to annual decay of grasses.

Not enough precipitation to support the growth of trees.

DESERTLocation:

Scattered; Usually between 15o – 30o Latitude

North and South of the equator. Many form on

the leeward side of mountain ranges.

Temperate and Tropic Zones

DESERTS

DESERTSTemperature:

Low to high; Below freezing - +100oF.

Direct Sunlight due to lack of clouds and humidity;

Greatest temperature change in 24 hr. period of time.

DESERTSPrecipitation:

Extremely Low; Typically less than 10”

annually; Very low humidity.

DESERTSAnimals:

Horned lizard, Gila monster, Kangaroo rat, Sidewinder rattlesnake, Black tailed

jack rabbit, Kit fox

DESERTSAnimal Adaptations:

NocturnalEstivationLarge EarsControl of body temperature.

DESERTSPlants

Prickly Pear Cactus, Saguaro Cactus, Yucca, Creosote bush, Ocotillo.

DESERTSPlant Adaptations:

*Stems Store Water*Modified Leaves = Needles = reduced surface area & defense of stored water

*Extensive Root system

DESERTSOther:

Greatest change in temperature in a 24 hour period of time.

Hot days = No clouds to filter sun; Cold nights = no cloud cover to

hold in daytime heat; sand does not insulate the ground. Soil is not very fertile.

Tropical Rainforest

Location:

Just to the north and south of the equator; 7% of the

earth’s surface. Tropic Zone

Tropical Rainforest

Temperature:

High; 75o-95oF (video = 75-86);

Eternal Summer = consistent temperature and length of day year

round.

Tropical Rainforest

Precipitation:

Extremely High; Ranks 6th in amount; 50”-260” (video = 80”-480”)

annually; Extremely humid.

Tropical Rainforest

Animals

Toucan, Tree sloth, Boa; Leopard, Iguana, Gecko, Tree frogs, Poison Arrow Frogs, Spider monkey,

Parrots, Tons of Insects!

Tropical Rainforest

Animal Adaptations: (Add these!)

Arboreal = appendages modified for tree-dwelling life ; prehensile tail used for grasping trees branches)

Camouflage = many are green to blend in with background

Vocal = communicate vocally; hard to see each other through dense foliage.

Tropical Rainforest

Plants

Kapok tree, Orchids, Rubber tree, Manioc, Hanging lianas, Moss,

Lichen, Bromeliads, Ferns.

Tropical RainforestPlant Adaptations:

Fast growing = compete to reach the sun

Epiphytic= air plants grow on tree branches to get sun

Leaf petioles articulate = to follow sun

Leaves = drip tips to shed excess water

Extensive roots = to anchor in water logged soil

Tropical Rainforest

Other:

Stratified Layers = Emergent Layer;

Canopy; Under story; Forest Floor

Most of the animals live here

Tropical Rainforest

Greatest Diversity of Organisms !

Biome with the least diversity?Tundra

BIOMES a. Large geographic regions of the earth’s surface defined by a specific climate and...

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