Transcript of Biology 12: Genetics CHROMOSOMES!. CELL REVIEW All living things are made up of cells (skin, muscle,...
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- Biology 12: Genetics CHROMOSOMES!
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- CELL REVIEW All living things are made up of cells (skin,
muscle, blood, nerve) Work like a factory to keep us functioning
Major parts of a human cell Nucleus: Contains genetic
information
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- What is a chromosome? Chromosomes are the rod- shaped,
filamentous bodies present in the nucleus. They become visible
during cell division. They are the carriers of the gene or unit of
heredity. (Chromo = colour; Soma = body) due to their marked
affinity for basic dyes.
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- What is a chromosome? Spool and Thread What does the thread
represent? What does the spool represent?
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- What is a chromosome? Reflecting on our spool and thread. When
DNA (thread) is being transferred, it must be wound up When its
being used, its no longer wound up Think about when you travel
Suitcase vs. pile of clothes
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- Coiling Think about storing a garden hose: Easier if you coil
it, but it requires work/energy In the nuclues, proteins provide
the energy to coil the DNA Video- We will pause to allow you to
take notes Video- We will pause to allow you to take notes
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- Components of Chromosomes Histones- proteins that package and
order DNA (the spools of in-class example) Nucleosomes- a segment
of DNA wrapped around 8 histones (the thread of in-class
example)
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- Chromatin: Beads on a string Primary functions of chromatin:
Prevent DNA damage Organize DNA into smaller size so that it fits
into cells nucleus Supports DNA and strengthen it for mitosis
Control DNA replication and gene expression Solenoid: the coiled
fiber of chromatin
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- What is chromatin? Combination of DNA and proteins within the
nucleus Primary functions of chromatin: Prevent DNA damage Organize
DNA into smaller size so that it fits into cells nucleus Supports
DNA and strengthen it for mitosis Control DNA replication and gene
expression Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells Eukaryote
(true nucleus) vs prokaryote (unicellular)
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- Labeling a Chromosome
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- Parts of the chromosome Chromatid: one copy of a duplicated
chromosome Centromere: Holds the two identical sister chromatids
together (middle of chromosome) When chromosomes are stained,
theyll be darker at centromere The centromere is an important
component of chromosome structure and segregation (cell
division)
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- Kinetochore: protein structure on chromatids where the spindle
fibers attach during cell division to pull the sister chromatids
apart Microtubules: what the spindle fibers are made of Telomere: a
region of organic molecules (nucleotides) at each end of a
chromatid Protects the end of the chromosome & helps maintain
its structure
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- Ploidiness Ploidy refers to the number of sets of chromosomes
in the nucleus of a cell Euploidy: having chromosomes present in an
exact multiple of the haploid number Gametes (sperm or egg)
normally contain only one set of chromosome this number is called
Haploid (n) Somatic cells usually contain two sets of chromosome -
Diploid number (2n) 3n triploid 4n tetraploid A cell/organism that
has more than two paired sets of chromosomes are Polyploidy Many
plants are polyploidy
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- Ploidiness A change in the chromosome number that does not
involve entire sets of chromosomes, but only a few of the
chromosomes - is Aneuploidy. -Usually leads to an abnormal
condition Monosomics (2n-1) Trisomics (2n+1) Nullisomics (2n-2)
Tetrasomics (2n+2)
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- Ploidiness THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IS NOT RELATED TO
COMPLEXITY OF THE ORGANISM!
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- Review what we have learned so far: Interactive video
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- Why do ferns have more chromosomes than us?? Lets let Hank tell
us!
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- Chromosome Size In contrast to other cell organelles, the size
of chromosomes shows a remarkable variation depending upon the
stages of cell division. Interphase: chromosome are longest &
thinnest Prophase: there is a progressive decrease in their length
accompanied with an increase in thickness Anaphase: chromosomes are
smallest. Metaphase: Chromosomes are the most easily observed and
studied during metaphase when they are very thick, quite short and
well spread in the cell. Therefore, chromosomes measurements are
generally taken during mitotic metaphase.
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- Chromosomes may differ in the position of the Centromere, the
place on the chromosome where spindle fibers are attached during
cell division. In general, if the centromere is near the middle,
the chromosome is metacentric If the centromere is toward one end,
the chromosome is acrocentric or submetacentric If the centromere
is very near the end, the chromosome is telocentric.
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- The centromere divides the chromosome into two arms, so that,
for example, an acrocentric chromosome has one short and one long
arm, While, a metacentric chromosome has arms of equal length. All
house mouse chromosomes are telocentric, while human chromosomes
include both metacentric and acrocentric, but no telocentric.
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- Autosomal pair Sex chromosome Diploid No. of No. of X Y (2n)
metacentrics acrocentric or telocentric Cat 38 16 2 M M Dog78 0 38
M A Pig 38 12 6 M M Goat60 0 29 A M Sheep 54 3 23 A M Cow 60 0 29 M
M Horse64 13 18 M A M Metacentric; A Acrocentric
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- Bill Nye Cell Cycle