Post on 22-May-2018
BIOLOGICAL SCIENTIST AND THE OIL
INDUSTRY: THE SEAMLESS CONNECTION
Covenant University, Ota
19th Feb. 2015
INTRODUCTION
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One of the major challenges in our industry today is successfully
meeting two needs of the planet that often appear to be conflicting:
Meeting the economic needs of the people through sustainable
development of natural resources while
Preserving the integrity and diversity of our environment. Successfully
meeting both the needs for environmental protection and economic
sustainable development can be achieved by applying some basic
principles and practices in the exploration for oil and gas.
ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
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Organic Theory Formed from remains of microscopic plants and animals,
Rich mixture of sediments and organic materials lacking in Oxygen,
High heat and pressure, bacteria, chemical reactions and other forces worked on
organic remains
At 60 ºC Carbon and Hydrogen in rocks begin to combine chemically to
form hundreds of different kinds of hydrocarbon molecules to a
maximum temperature of 225 ºC
Inorganic Theory Formed from left over from formation of the Solar system
Formed deep within the earth
OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT PHASES
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Exploration.
Seismic
Exploratory drilling
Appraisal drilling
Conceptual studies
Front End Engineering Design (FEED)
Detailed Engineering (DE)
Construction
Commissioning
Hook up
Start-up
Production
Decommissioning
Abandonment
Site Restoration
LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
National Regulations: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992 DPR Env. Guidelines & Standards for Pet. Industry in Nigeria (2002). FMENV EIA Procedural and Sectorial Guideline (1991) National Policy on Environment of 1989 FMENV National Env. Protection Regulations S.1.8, 1.9 & S.1.15 (Effluent
Limitations, Pollution Abatement in Industries & Facilities Generating Wastes and Management of Solid & Hazardous Wastes) of (1991)
Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Regulation Act No. 42 (1988)
International Regulations:
MARPOL 73/78
Basel Convention, 1989
Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances, 1987
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Regulations
World Bank Guidelines Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY STRATEGY / METHODS
Desktop Research on Existing Literature and Survey Reports
Identify Sampling Locations
Field Studies – Samples / Data Collection (Wet /Dry Seasons)
Laboratory Analyses and In-situ Measurements
Collation of Results/ Impact Identification & Evaluation
Report Production
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
Sediments. Box Corers
Hand held digital pH meters
Water CTD probe
Niskin bottles
Air quality Hand held Digital detectors
Planktons Conical tow-net
Benthic Macro-Fauna
0.5mm mesh stainless steel sieve
An empty Box Corer being deployed and received with sediment samples
Plankton Sampling Setting of Niskin bottles
Sediment being washed
over sieve
Niskin Bottle being closed by ROV
arm
QUALITY ASSURANCE/CONTROL MEASURES
Field work. Established sampling stations and number each before fieldwork
Used appropriately designed fieldwork forms /note books
Washed all samples containers and label in the station/ location
Collected duplicate samples and label immediately
Calibrated field equipment before and after use
Laboratory QA/QC Certified Laboratories used
Sample Chain of custody
Data Analysis / Reporting Subjected results to statistical analysis
Checked level of significance
TOPSIDES & HULL DESIGN #1
ENVIRONMENT – DISPOSAL
Topsides: produced water
Oil-in-produced water content 30 ppmv/v to comply with < 40 mg/litre (TOG) as per Nigerian Legislation.
Treatment by Hydro-cyclones and CFU
Discharge monitoring by Oil-in-Water Analyzer
Discharge by Caisson
Hull: Oil in water < 15 ppm for overboard discharge (as per MARPOL)
Bilge and oily water in Hull Machinery Room treated through bilge treatment package (separation and monitoring)
Oily water in Cargo Area treated in slop water treatment package (settling). Disposal through Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment package
Hull sewage: Sewage treatment package as per MARPOL regulations
Oil in sand content for overboard disposal
1 wt% on a dry sand basis, in line with EGASPIN requirement .
Cooling water Cooling water disposal under 40°C , in
line with EGASPIN requirement .
Disposal
Caisson
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TOPSIDES & HULL DESIGN #2
ENVIRONMENT – Innovative Technology
Egina Produced water treatment is
optimized compared to existing
installations:
The Compact Floatation Unit (CFU)
With CFU, we should be recovering more
oil from produced water to further reduce
hydrocarbon footprint.
This form of floatation downstream of
the hydrocyclones is to ensure the
discharge specification of 25 mg/l TPH
(30 ppm v/v) as a matter of Company
commitment.
Sampling / Monitoring : Online oil in
water analyzer and sample points to be
provided on the common outlet from the
CFU Package.
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TOPSIDES & HULL DESIGN #3
ENVIRONMENT – EMISSIONS
NO ROUTINE FLARING
Flare Gas Recovery system is implemented in line with “ No
permanent flaring” 2008 policy.
No Routine Flaring in normal operation
Flare system installed for emergency flaring only with vent
gas recovery system (VGRU) to control gas release and
limit continuous flaring.
No routine cold venting (cargo tank venting recovery unit
provided)
ENGINES EMISSIONS
Essential Diesel Generators compliant with maximum
permissible NOx emission according to MARPOL 73/78
ANNEX VI Tier 11 NOx emission requirements
Continuous emission monitoring system fitted on all gas
turbines (Turbo Generators and Turbo Compressors)
NO
PERMANENT
FLARING
POLICY
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Limiting Emission of GHG and other gaseous
compounds affecting air quality
TOPSIDES & HULL DESIGN #4
FPSO Process Deck
SAFETY
ESD/HIPPS systems as part of effluent release control
Arrival Facilities Hard HIPS –Instrument Protection system in the event of the
mal-operation of a valve on the arrival facilities
Flare Ignition package Ignition via Pelletized system (Two independent system to be provided
Fire Fighting and Fire & Gas F &G system independent of process control system.
Fire zone & sub deluge system
FPSO Layout – Maximization of distance between accommodation (upwind of process) and hazardous areas .
Double Hull and Full application of SOLAS and classification society requirements
Topsides process deck fully plated to prevent pool fires /jet fire spread & minimize firewater demand.
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) fitted on all critical structures (increase resistance to fire)
Safety Concept and broad range of studies covering : Drop Object , Collision, PFP requirements, Technological Risks assessment, explosion modelling
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TOPSIDES & HULL OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS #1
ENVIRONMENT – EMISSIONS
HC BLANKETING AND RECOVERY SYSTEM
HC blanket gas supply is to cargo tanks, wash tanks, CST,
Methanol tanks etc (with IGG system as a back up)
(i) Purpose is to ensure blanketing in hull tanks.
(ii) to minimize environmental impact due to emission of HC,CO2
(iii) to recover HC gas from tanks and avoid lost time due to ESD on gas
detection observed on conventional venting system.
Recovery equipment
(i) 1 x 100% Flare and HC blanket gas recovery package.
(ii) Gas to be re-injected at LP compression stage inlet.
Limiting Emission of GHG and
other gaseous compounds
affecting air quality
HC
BLANKETING
WITH
RECOVERY
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TOPSIDES & HULL OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS #2
ENVIRONMENT – MISCELLANEOUS
Closed drain system
Oil spill control equipment fitted at all
critical locations on hull (drip trays
around bunkering stations)
Waste heat recovery system on gas
turbine exhausts for process
Reduces outlet Temperature of exhaust
gas and reduce gas consumption
Chemical Handling & Management
Facilities e.g.
Tote tanks to be used for all chemical
transfers
HVAC System – Use of environment
friendly refrigerant (R134a)
Hull: Double side Shell and full
application of MARPOL Regulations
Operational metering to include Diesel,
Flared and blanket gas etc
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DECOMMISSIONING, ABANDONMENT AND SITE RESTORATION
At the end of project life cycle, which is 25 years after commissioning activities, a complete Decommissioning Plan shall be reviewed and initiated with the relevant authorities.
All main facilities are designed to be fully “dismountable”. The development well architecture is designed to facilitate the further plugging operations.
Field abandonment shall be performed for all facilities either for safety reason or to be reused at another field. Any facilities and equipment that will be left onsite must be cleaned, capped to avoid leaking.
Decommissioning studies shall be based on International Maritime Organisation (IMO) guidelines and standards, DPR Regulations and the Total requirements (Directive 13).
Decommissioning an FPSO system shall involves removing the FPSO vessel from the field, either for salvage or for reuse at another field. Components such as jumpers, risers, mooring lines, anchors, manifolds and some wellhead equipment (subsea trees) shall be retrieved for salvage. Flow lines and umbilicals may be cleaned, capped, and abandoned on the sea floor. Subsea wells can be plugged and abandoned in accordance with applicable regulations.
NIGERIAN DEEP-SEA BIOLOGY
Gulf of Guinea region sampling: 1950s Galathea expedition 8 samples >
200m
1950s R/V Calypso <200m
1965 R/V Pillsbury <200m
Limited existing scientific data < 20 biological sample stations
Existing data suggests area variable with depth and location
Prior to Total surveys it was impossible to predict seafloor life
AIMS
Use work-class Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) during periods of stand-by time and add value to existing data
Quantitative video survey covering representative habitats
Specimen collection for biodiversity validation
Hydrographic data collection
Sediment assessment
Capacity building links and training in ROV biodiversity assessment
ROV SURVEY ROV survey
Constant depth (750 m)
Slope variation <1 degree
2 degree
10 degree
30 degree
Replicated (x3)
Random
Quantitative
FINDINGS
A total of 24 invertebrate species were observed at Usan from six animal groups (phyla). Echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea cucumbers, were dominant with 10 species found representing 64% of the animals observed.
The sea urchin, Phormosoma placenta, was the most common animal which accounting for over half of the animals observed. Eight cnidarian species, particularly anemones, were identified but they only represented 4% of the total density.
Crustaceans, such as crabs, were numerically important (31 % total fauna) but only represented by three taxa and only one of these, a squat lobster, accounted for the vast majority of the faunal numbers.
10 species of fish were observed.
CAPACITY BUILDING
Knowledge exchange
Deep water survey techniques
Samples for local analysis
University exchange programme
CONCLUSION: BUSINESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
Presentation title - Place and Country - Date
Month Day Year
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BUSINESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE: CHALLENGES
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Benefits of an Organisation’s Environmental activities and performance are often
undervalued because of:
Communication barriers between environmental professionals, Operations and engineering,
and senior management
Lack of Standard metrics for evaluating all aspects of environmental performance
Industry associations, non-governmental organisations, and regulatory agencies are
consistently generating new and more stringent standards/ regulations based on
performance and stakeholder expectations.
Unprecedented demands and business uncertainty posed by prospective climate
change regulations
BUSINESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE: POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
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Business integration of environmental activities into commercial and asset planning
Risk Management of operational activities by ensuring regulatory compliance and
minimizing environmental foot print.
Stakeholder Engagement both internal and external, to facilitate transparency and
trust
Regulatory development to advocate appropriate and realistic strategies in relation to
emerging regulatory policies
Adoption of ISO 14001 Environmental Management System