BIOL 197L - Lab #6: PLANT MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, MICROANATOMY, AND TRANSPORT

Identify:

Node

Identify:

Internode

Identify (the structure that develops into flowers and branches):

Axillary or lateral bud

Identify:

Petiole

Identify:

Blade

Identify: Structure

Primarily present in Monocots or Eudicots?

Fibrous rootsMonocots

Identify: Structure

Primarily present in Monocots or Eudicots?

TaprootEudicots

Identify:StructurePurpose

Root hairsIncreased surface area for the uptake of water and nutrients

Identify:StructurePurpose

Identify:

Identify:StructurePurpose

Undifferentiated vascular traces

Identify:StructurePurpose

Axillary or lateral bud

Identify:

Leaf primordia

Identify:

Xylem

Identify:

Vascular tissue that is differentiating into vessel elements of the xylem

Plants are characterized by which type of growth?

Indeterminate growth

Stems that grow underground:

Rhizomes

Roots that grow aboveground

Adventitious roots

What are the four primary functions of roots?

(1) Anchorage of the plant in soil(2) Absorption of water and minerals from the soil

(3) Conduction of water and minerals from the region of absorption to the base of the stem(4) Starch storage to varying degree

Identify:

Primary root

Identify:

Secondary root

Plants have three main tissue systems, what are they?

DermalGroundVascular

Identify:

Monocot root

Identify:StructurePurpose

XylemTransportation of water and nutrients

Identify:What does it contain?

Stele, or vascular cylinderContains the vascular tissues

The root is the only plant organ that has a vascular cylinder

Identify:StructurePurpose

PhloemTransportation of synthate

Identify:StructurePurpose

Pericycle: The outmost cell layer of the vascular cylinder, although not xylem or phloem. The pericycle is unique to roots.

Gives rise to lateral roots

The vascular tissue system contains the:

XylemPhloem

Identify:

Cortex

Identify:

Pith

Note that roots typically lack a central pith, but you will see examples of pith when you look at cross sections of stems.

Identify:StructurePurpose

EndodermisContains the casparian strip that works to prevent

water from exiting the roots

The ground tissues have many important roles in plants such as:

Support, storage, and photosynthesis

Identify:StructurePurpose

EpidermisCovered in a waxy cuticle

Works to prevent water loss

In woody plants the epidermis is replaced by a tissue known as:

The peridermWhich consists of:

The cork and cork cambium

The dermal tissue system forms which layer of cells?

EpidermisEndodermis

Identify:Cell type

Properties and functions

ParenchymaThin cell walls with large vacuolesThe most common cell in plants

Photosynthetis, storage of carbohydrates, support, and lateral transportParenchyma cells make up the bulk of the cortex, pith, xylem, and phloem

Alive when functioning

Identify:Cell type

Properties and functions

CollenchymaUneven thickening of cell walls

Provide flexible supportAlive when functioning

Identify:Cell type

Properties and functions

SclerenchymaSupportive cells

LigninDead when functioning

Identify:

Stele or vascular cylinder

Identify:

Cortex

Identify:

Epidermis

Identify:StructurePurpose

Monocot or Eudicot?

Xylem vesselTransportation of water and nutrients

Dead when functioningEudicot

Identify:

PhloemTransports photosynthetic synthate

Living when functioning

Identify:StructurePurpose

PericycleGives rise to lateral roots

The outmost layer of the vascular cylinder

Identify:

EndodermisContains the casparian strip that forces water and nutrients

out of the apoplast and into the symplast. The innermost layer of the cortex and it is unique to roots.

Identify:

Root cap

Identify the three regions of the root:

Identify the three regions of the root:

Region of cell division

Identify:

Region of elongation

Identify:

Region of maturation

Identify:Structure

Monocot or Eudicot?

Monocot stem

Identify:

Vascular bundle

Identify:

Epidermis

Identify:

Parenchyma

Identify:

Vessel

Identify:

PhloemSieve tube members and companion cells

Identify:Structure

Monocot or Eudicot?

Eudicot stem

Identify:

Epidermis

Identify:

Cortex

Identify:

Pith

Identify:

Vascular bundle

Identify:

Fiber bundle cap

Identify:Gives rise to

Vascular cambiumSecondary growth

Identify:

Xylem vessels

Identify:

Xylem tracheids

Identify:

Trichomes (leaf hairs)Stomata

Guard cellsTranspiration

Identify:

Mesophyll

Identify:

Upper epidermis

Identify:

Stomata

Identify:

Phloem

Identify:

Xylem

The layer below the stomata is the:

Substomatal chamber

The two types of lateral meristems are the:

Vascular cambiumCork cambium

Vascular cambium produces:

Secondary xylem towards the pith and secondary phloem towards the cortex

Secondary xylem is also known as:

Wood

The cork cambium and cork (dead at maturity) that is produced are known collectively as the:

PeridermIt replaces the epidermis and cortex in stems and roorts with continual secondary

growth; these new layers (secondary phloem and periderm) are known as:

Bark

Annual rings are made of secondary xylem, which make up the wood of the stem surrounding the pith. Each annual ring has several rows of spring wood, thin-walled, large-diameter cells that grew in the spring, and, outside of these, a few rows of summer wood, thick-walled, smaller-diameter

cells that grew in the summer when water was less abundant.

Does this make sense?Spring = more available water = larger cells

Summer = less available water = smaller cellsThus, you can distinguish spring wood and summer wood by thicker and thinner rings,

respectively.

Which type of wood is this?

Spring wood

Which type of wood is this?

Summer wood

Identify:

Pith

Identify:

Lateral ray

Identify:

Annual ring

Identify:

Xylem vessels

Identify:

Vascular cambium

Identify:

Phloem

Identify:

Phloem ray

Identify:

Cork cambium

Identify:

Cork