DPT-FA12-036DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY

THE UNIVERSITY OF FAISALABAD

By

Nabeel Amjad

Topics

Introduction to biochemistry

CELLCell and its biochemical aspectsCell membrane structuresMembrane proteins

Introduction to Biochemistry

IntroductionBiochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is

the study of chemical processes within, and relating to, living organisms

Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life.

The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules (Micro molecules) and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins

Continued.

Areas of application biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrients, agriculture. 1. in medicine, biochemist, investigate the causes and

cures of disease.2. in nutrients, they study how to maintain health and

study the effects of nutritional deficiencies.3. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and

fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.

Cell

Definition: Cells are the structural and functional units of

all living organisms.  Types cells are two types1. Prokaryotic cell: that lake membrane

bounded structures2. Eukaryotic cell: true cell

Eukaryotic cell

Cell Structures

The Plasma Membrane—A Cell's Protective CoatThe Cytoskeleton—A Cell's ScaffoldThe Cytoplasm—A Cell's Inner SpaceGenetic MaterialCell Organelles includeThe Nucleus—A Cell's CenterThe Ribosome—The Protein Production MachineMitochondria and Chloroplasts—The Power

GeneratorsThe Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi ApparatusMacromolecule ManagersLysosomes and Peroxisomes—The Cellular Digestive

System

Cell Membrane

• The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that separates the interior of cell from its external environment

• Regulates what comes in and out of the cell• Main components: proteins and

phospholipids• The cell membrane is selectively permeable

Cell Membrane Structure

Cell membrane is mainly composed of1. Lipid bilayer 2. Proteins

According to fluid mosaic model cell membrane consists of lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Lipid bilayer

universal component of all cell membranes

two layers of fat cells organized in two sheets

most abundant class of lipid molecule found in cell membranes is the phospholipids Phospholipids molecule contain

phosphate group (polar head) two fatty acid chain group (nonpolar

tail).

Phospholipids arrange themselves to expose hydrophilic head and hide hydrophobic tail

Cell membrane proteins

There are mainly two types of cell membrane protein Integral proteins Peripheral proteins

Integral proteins

permanently attached to the membranecan perform functions both inside and outside

of the cell. Further two types

Integral polytopic proteins, also known as "transmembrane proteins,“

Integral monotopic proteins that are attached to only one side of the membrane and do not span the whole way across

Peripheral membrane proteins

temporarily attached either to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins

dissociate by treatment with a polar reagent, such as a solution with an elevated pH or high salt concentrations.

Dissociate without harming lipid bilayer