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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
Bill Campbell
Power Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power
Harry Handlin
Power Sub Work Group Member, Technical Committee
Vice-Chair, GE Energy Systems
Mark Murrill
Power Sub Work Group Member, Emerson Network Power
AC & DC Power Distribution for
Data CentersConfiguration Availability Level Comparison
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Copyright © 2012, The Green Grid
Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
Agenda
• Introduction
• Review Industry Standards for data center availability levels
• BICSI Standard as the AC Reference
• Examine AC Single & Multi Module UPS Systems and
analogous DC systems
• BICSI Availability Class Comparisons AC to DC
• Alternate DC solutions
• Summary
• Q&A
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
Introduction• Tier I-IV availability terminology (1st introduced by The Uptime
Institute) is the defacto shorthand method to convey basic AC power
distribution / availability architecture for a data center
• Tier I-IV concepts have been adopted by other industry organizations
(eg: TIA; BICSI), sometimes applying alternate but similar
terminologies
• Growing interest in the possible performance features of DC power
for data centers has led potential users to makeperformance inquiriesof industry AC power system suppliers regarding DC power
distribution solutions in terms of generic availability levels
• Purpose: Suggest a data center power distribution AC – DC
availability comparison approach and encourage industry discussion• The Uptime Institute, founded 1993 ; representing data center owners’ interests http://www.uptimeinstitute.com
• BICSI-002: Building Industry Consulting Service International, Inc., founded 1977 https://www.bicsi.org
• TIA-942: Telecommunications Industry Association founded 1988 - merger http://www.tiaonline.org
The Uptime Institute, similar to The Green Grid, recommends best-practices. BICSI & TIA are standards writing
organizations.
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
Method
• Compares basic AC v DC topology & qualitative
availability levels
• References are AC topologies• Framework: ANSI/BICSI Standard-002-2011
• Assumptions:
Basic AC system: 480 VAC, 3Ф
, 3 or 4 W, + Gnd Basic DC system: 380 VDC, 2W + Gnd
• 380 V DC solutions are offered as suggestions
Not yet a standard
• Not covered: comparisons of efficiency, costs orrelative merits
Leaving these for future comparative and quantitative analysis
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI-002 Introduction
• ANSI/BICSI 002-2011, Data Center Design and
Implementation Best Practices
BICSI-002
Rev 1, 2010
BICSI-002
Rev 2, 2011
BICSI-002
Rev 3, 2014
Expected
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI-002 Introduction
BICSI Data Center Design Classes
Topology Class Key Power path FeatureClass F0 Single Power Path w/o UPS or Alternate AC source
Class F1 Single Power Path with UPS,
Non-redundant components
Class F2 Single Power Path with UPS,Some redundant components
Class F3 Multiple Independent Power Paths, some with UPS,
Concurrently maintainable & operable
Class F4 Multiple Independent Power paths with UPS,Fault Tolerant
BICSI-002-2011, 9.1.6.1
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BICSI-002-2011, Table B1
BICSI-002 Introduction
Determining BICSI Design Classes
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI-002 Introduction
BICSI-002-2011, Table B3
Determining BICSI Design Classes
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI-002 Introduction
PerformanceFeature
Class F0 Class F1 Class F2 Class F3 Class F4
Industry Description
Module Redundancy
System Redundancy
Power Paths to
Critical Load
UPS sources to
Critical Load
Full Maintenance
under load
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
Fault tolerance
BICSI Class Definitions & Feature Checklist Review
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F0 Data Center – Single Path, No UPS
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 14
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BICSI-002 Introduction
Class FI Basic Data Center
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 15
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BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F2 Redundant Components
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 16
12
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BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F3 Concurrently Maintainable
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 17b
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BICSI-002-2011, Fig 17b
BICSI-002 Introduction
Class F4 Fault Tolerant
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 18
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BICSI-002 Introduction
AC Static Switch
Static Switch applications in multiple
power path topologies
AC Load
A Bus B Bus
AC Load
A Bus B Bus
Single Input
IT Load
Dual Input IT Load
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI Definitions & Feature
Checklist ReviewPerformanceFeature
Class F0 Class F1 Class F2 Class F3 Class F4
Industry Description Single
Path
Single
Path
Single Path +
Redundant
Components
Dual Path,
Concurrently
Maintainable
Dual Path,
Fault
Tolerant
Module Redundancy None “N” None “N” N+1 N+1 2(N+1)
System Redundancy None “N” None “N” Limited N+1 Limited N+1 2(N+1)
Power Paths to
Critical Load
One One One Two Two
UPS sources to
Critical Load
None One One One Two
Full Maintenance
under load
No No Limited Yes Yes
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
No Option Yes Yes Yes
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fault tolerance No No Limited Limited Yes
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BICSI-002 Introduction
DC Solutions
• Next: Suggested AC – DC Comparative Power Topologies
• BICSI-002 DC Power Systems
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BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
• AC UPS “N” System(Single Module System)
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BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
• AC UPS “N” System(Single Module System)
N
• DC UPS
“Main”
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
• DC UPS
(AC SMS N System Equivalent)
• AC UPS “N” System(Single Module System)
N N+1“Main” “Bypass”
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 21
“ Main” “ Bypass” “ Maint Byp”
• AC UPS “N” System(Single Module System)
• DC UPS
(AC SMS N System Equivalent)
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
N N+1 N+m optional
Rectifier
Cabinet
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient ITThe Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
• DC UPS• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)
N
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
Rectifier Cabinet
N
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
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BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
• DC UPS
(AC MMS N+1 System Equivalent)
• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)
N
N+1
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
Rectifier Cabinet
N N+1
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
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BICSI Basic UPS Module
Configurations
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
N N+1 “ Bypass” “ Maint Byp”
N
N+1 N+m
optional
• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)
• DC UPS
(AC MMS N+1 System Equivalent)
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient IT
The Green Grid Forum 2012
BICSI Topology Diagrams
• Comparative AC & DC Topology Diagrams Sequence: AC Diagram; Changes Needed; DC Diagram
Only suggestions for DC; no accepted conventions as yet
• Symbols – indicate where differences appear
Remove this AC component for DC applications
AC-to-DC component changes
AC / DC Rectifier - configurations:
• Modular or Monolithic; 5 kW to > 1 MW rectifier units
• Plug-in (may be hot-swappable) or hard-wired I/O• Input to Output isolated or non-isolated
o Isolation Xfmr: power line frequency or high frequency
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Class F0 Basic Data Center
AC
Class F0 – Single Path; No UPS
PerformanceFeature
Class F0
Industry Description Single Path
Module Redundancy None “N”
System Redundancy None “N”
Power Paths to
Critical Load
One
UPS sources to
Critical Load
None
Full Maintenance
under load
No
Alternate long TermEnergy (Genset)
No
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
No
Fault tolerance No
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Class F0 Basic Data Center
AC
Class F0 – Single Path; No UPS
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Class F0 Basic Data Center
AC DC
Class F0 – Single Path; No UPS
No Batt
“N” Rect
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Class F1 Basic Data Center
AC
Class F1 – Single Path with UPS
PerformanceFeature
Class F1
Industry Description Single Path
Module Redundancy None “N”
System Redundancy None “N”
Power Paths to Critical
Load
One
UPS sources to Critical
Load
One
Full Maintenance
under load
No
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
Option
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
Yes
Fault tolerance No
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Class F1 Basic Data Center
AC
Class F1 – Single Path with UPS
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Class F1 Basic Data Center
AC
Class F1 – Single Path with UPS
DC
Fully, Partial or non-
redundant battery
N+1 Rectifiers;
Modular
or
Monolithic
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Class F2 Redundant Components
AC
Class F2 – Single Path UPS with Redundant Components
PerformanceFeature
Class F2
Industry Description Single Path +Redundant
Components
Module Redundancy N+1
System Redundancy Limited N+1
Power Paths to CriticalLoad
One
UPS sources to Critical
Load
One
Full Maintenance under
load
Limited
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
Yes
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
Yes
Fault tolerance Limited
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AC
Class F2 – Single Path UPS with Redundant Components
Class F2 Redundant Components
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AC
Class F2 – Single Path UPS with Redundant Components
DC
Fully, Partial or non-
redundant battery
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or Monolithic
Class F2 Redundant Components
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Class F3 Concurrently Maintainable
AC
Class F3 – Dual Path; Concurrently Maintainable
PerformanceFeature
Class F3
Industry Description Dual Path,Concurrently
Maintainable
Module Redundancy N+1
System Redundancy Limited
N+1
Power Paths to
Critical Load
Two
UPS sources to
Critical Load
One
Full Maintenance
under load
Yes
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
Yes
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
Yes
Fault tolerance Limited
x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
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Class F3 Concurrently Maintainable
AC
Class F3 – Dual Path; Concurrently Maintainable
x2
x2
x2x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
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Class F3 Concurrently Maintainable
AC
Class F3 – Dual Path; Concurrently Maintainable
DC
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
N+m
Rectifiers;Modular or
Monolithic
N RectMod or
Mono
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
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Class F4 Fault Tolerant
AC
Class F4 – Dual Path; Fault TolerantPerformanceFeature
Class F4
Industry Description Dual Path,
Fault
Tolerant
Module Redundancy 2(N+1)
System Redundancy 2(N+1)
Power Paths to
Critical Load
Two
UPS sources to
Critical Load
Two
Full Maintenance
under load
Yes
Alternate long Term
Energy (Genset)
Yes
Alternate Short Term
Energy (Battery)
Yes
Fault tolerance Yes
AC Input-to-PDU bypass is also
available with AC
x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
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Class F4 Fault Tolerant
Class F4 – Dual Path; Fault tolerant
x2
x2
x2
Dual or singleCord IT Loads
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Class F4 Fault Tolerant
Class F4 – Dual Path; Fault tolerant
DC
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
N+m
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Fully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
x2
x2
x2
Dual or single
Cord IT Loads
BICSI 002 Introduction
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BICSI-002 Introduction
AC Static Switch
Static Switch applications in multiple
power path topologies
AC Load
A Bus B Bus
AC Load
A Bus B Bus
Single Input
IT Load
Dual Input IT Load
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Static Switch Applications
• Static Switch applications in multiple power path topologies
o Single-corded IT loads
DC Load
AC Load
A Bus B Bus A Bus B Bus
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Static Switch Applications
• Static Switch applications in
multiple power path topologieso Dual-corded IT loads
DC Load
AC Load
A Bus B Bus
A Bus B Bus
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Alternate DC Solutions
• There are also other alternate DC topologies in use that do
not fit directly into the Class F0 – F4 structure.
• Two basic alternative topologies are reviewed, both of which
have several variations.
DC S l i R i
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DC Solutions - Review
BICSI-002-2011, Fig 22
N N+1 “ Bypass” “ Maint Byp”
N
N+1 N+m
optional
• AC UPS “N+1” System(Multi-Module System)
• DC UPS
(AC MMS N+1 System Equivalent)
Output Distribution
To Critical LoadFully, Partial or
non-redundant
battery
Battery
Input Distribution
Rectifier
Cabinet
Rectifiers;
Modular or
Monolithic
Plug-in Modules Illustrated
Alt t DC S l ti
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Alternate DC Solutions
DC PSU DC PSU
IT load
Rectifier Cabinet(s)
N+M Modules
Output
Distribution
A
Output
Distribution
B
Battery
Internal
or
External,
Redundant
or
Non-Redundant
AC Power Source A
380VDC Distribution
or
48VDC Distribution
Alternate AC Power Source B
Rectifier modulesmay be dedicated to
either A or B source,
or switchable
between the two
Alt t DC S l ti
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Alternate DC Solutions
DC PSU AC PSU
IT load
DC Output
Distribution
A
AC Output
Distribution
B
Battery
Internal
or
External,
Redundant
or
Non-Redundant
AC Power Source A
380VDC Distribution
or
48VDC Distribution
Alternate AC Power Source B
Rectifier Cabinet(s)
N+M Modules
Rectifier modulesmay be dedicated to
either A or B source,
or switchable
between the two
S
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Summary
• Driven by AC user inquiries, suggested DC Class F0 – F4 Availability
Level power distribution topologies have been qualitatively reviewed in
terms of accepted AC topologies.
Practical DC equivalents are available, as well as other alternatives
All DC solutions require rectifiers in the primary and alternate power paths
Distribution static transfer switch functions are simpler to implement in DC
Existing AC-based standards may not be the best method to present and
compare DC solutions. The DC power industry is encouraged to propose
alternatives.
• Because of the many variations possible in both AC and DC topologies,
quantitative presentations of key performance parameters such as
availability, reliability, efficiency and costs, are beyond the scope of this
introduction.
• The Green Grid, as it is focused on improving the performance of data
centers in these key areas, encourages further quantitative analysis for
the benefit of its industry members.
AC – DC Availability Level
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AC DC Availability Level
Comparisons• Questions?
• Be sure to attend the AC – DC Roundtable
discussion by industry leaders following thispresentation.
• BICSI-002 material used with permission
Contributors
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Contributors
Thanks to the following for their support:
• The Green Grid Power Sub-Working Group Participants
Pam Lembke - IBM Jim Spitaels - Schneider Electric Lynn Simmons - Dell Dusty Becker - Emerson
Brad Thrash - GE George Navarro – Eaton
Shaun Harris - Microsoft Keith Klesner - TUI
John Collins – Eaton Steve McCluer – Schneider
Electric
• BJ Sonnenberg - Emerson
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Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient IT
The Green Grid Forum 2012
Celebrating 5 Years of Leading the Industry to Resource Efficient IT
The Green Grid Forum 2012
Thank you for attending
The Green Grid Forum 2012
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