Post on 25-May-2020
BestManagementPrac.cestoreducewaterpollu.onwithplantprotec.onproductsfromrunoffanderosion
RUNOFF Fieldmanual
TOPPS-ProwadisSTEPSMethodologyatcatchmentandfieldscale
Runoffrisklevel
Selec.onofmi.ga.onmeasures(BMPs)1. Soilmanagement2. Croppingprac3ces3. Vegeta3vebuffers4. Reten3onstructures5. Adap3ngPPPsand3ming6. Op3mizedirriga3on
Datacollec.onLandscape,farmdescrip3on,
soiltypes,geology,hydrology…
Iden.fica.onofwaterpathwaysandtypeofrunoff
Categoriza3onsoilpermeabilityandwaterholdingcapacity
Assessmentofrisksfordiffuseandconcentratedrunoffbyusing
dashboards
2
3 4
5
Assessmentofagriculturalprac.ces
- Tillage,croppingandPPPsuseprac3ces
- Spring/summerandwinter/autumnseasons
Basedon:AQUAPLAINE® concept, ARVALIS-Ins1tutduvégétal
1
sol argileux
sauf sol argileux
Catchmentdiagnosis
Fielddiagnosis
Fielddiagnosis
DashboardsBMPs
Collec.onofdataneededforcatchmentdiagnosis
CORPEN,2007
RunoffisgeneratedatCATCHMENTandFIELDscale.
Waterbodypollu3oniscausedifcontaminatedsurfacewaterleavesthefield.
Mi3ga3onmeasurescanbeachievedthroughfieldprac3cesandvegeta3vebuffersretainingwaterinthefield.
Diagnosisatcatchmentlevel Landscapeinforma.onMapsPedologicalandgeologicalmaps,eleva3onandslope,soilhydrologyandtexture,hydrographicnetwork,orthophoto,etc.
CATCHMEN
TDIAGNOSIS
FIELDDIAG
NOSIS
Collec.onofdataneededforfielddiagnosis
Waterpathwaysinfield/
catchment
INFORMATION
WATERSATURATIONPERIOD
DIRECTIONOFWATERFLOW
INTENSITYOFWATERFLOW
SOILPERMEABILITY
WATERHOLDINGCAPACITY
EFFECTONAGRICULTURALPRACTICEONWATERFLOW
SoilTexture,permeabilityofthesurfacehorizon,coarsefragmentsandshrinkagecracks
LandscapeSlope,sinkholes,etc.
InfrastructuresDrainageanddrainperformance,bufferzones,wetlands
WeatherdataRainpaYern,rainevents,
sta3s3cs
Cropping/cul.va.onprac.ces
Crop,croprota3on,3llageprac3ces,cropprotec3on
DATA
SubstrateDepth,breakinpermeabilityandinclina3on
Superficialandsub-superficialrunoff
TYPEOFRU
NOFF
Iden.fica.onofsuperficialrunofftype
CAUSE Lateralseepage Sub-superficialimpermeablelayer Ar3ficialdrainage
Superficialrunoff
Sub-superficialrunoff
Superficialrunoff
Percola.on
Lowpermeablelayer
Sub-superficialrunoff
RainIrriga.on
CAUSE Heavytexture/poorstructure
Cappingandcompac3ononsurface
Highintensitystorms Lowvegeta3vecover
Infiltra3onrestric3onMainlyinspring/summer
CAUSE Superficialsoil
ImpermeablelayersImpermeablelayers
Saturatedsoil
Satura3onexcessMainlyinautumn/winter
TYPE
OFRU
NOFF
Iden.fica.onofsuperficialrunofftype
Impermeablelayer
Impermeablelayer
Soilsatura3on
TALWEG
Runofffrominfiltra.onrestric.on
Runofffromsatura.onexcess
Runofffromconcentratedflows
Prac.calmethodtodeterminesoiltextureSO
ILTEXTURE
ModifiedfromS.J.Thien.1979.Aflowdiagramforteachingtexturebyfeelanalysis.JournalofAgronomicEduca3on.8:54-55.
Example:sandyclaytexture,depth100cm1.7mmx100cm=170mmWHCDetermineWHCfortheen.rehorizonupto100cmdepthortodepthofpermeablelayer.
Soilswithwaterholdingcapaci3es>120mmhavenowatercontamina3onrisk
SOILW
ATER
HOLD
INGCAP
ACITY
Determina.onofwaterholdingcapacity(WHC)
Calcula.onofWHC
a)Determinetextureb)Determinesoildepth Average Range
Sand 0.4 0.1-1.2
Loamysand(mediumsand)
0.8 0.4-1.4
Loamysand(veryfinesand)
1.0 0.6-1.8
Sandyloam 1.3 0.8-1.8
LoamSiltloamSilt
1.7 1.2-2.2
ClayloamSandyclayloamSiltyclayloam
1.8 1.2-2.4
SandyclaySiltyclayClay
1.7 1.0-2.2
Soiltexture
WaterHoldingCapacity(mmwater/cmsoil)
Soilpermeability
Highpermeability=
Highinfiltra3on=
Lowriskofsuperficialrunoff
HIGHPERMEABILITYNoncappingsoils,
sandy/sandyloamsoils,loamy/siltsoils,high
organicmaYercontent,nonswellingclays
LOWPERMEABILITYINSURFACERunoffdueto
reducedinfiltra3on
LowWHC,cappingsoil,clayey/loamysoils
=Highriskofsuperficial
runoff
Impermeablelayer
LOWPERMEABILITYINSUB-SURFACERunoffduetosoilsatura3on
Impermeablelayer
Soilsatura3on,ploughpan
=Highriskofsuperficialandsub-superficial
runoff
Soilpermeability:keyfactorforinfiltra3onofwaterinthesoil
SOILPERM
EABILITY
PERMEABILITY:capacityofsoiltoallowwatertopassthroughit
Symptoms
Presenceofwatersatura3oninthesoil.
Causes
Subsoillayeroflowpermeability.
Indicators
Colored areas below topsoil are visible(green/grey colors, iron and manganeseaccumula3on / concre3ons, with red-brownandblackcolors).
Low-permeability subsoil (clayey or loamysubsoil,hardrockorrockrubblesuchasashale layer, a grani3c layer, a non kars3climestone layer) at 80 cmor less below amore permeable topsoil (sand or sandyloam).
Soil remains wet for at least 2 to 5 daysaferrain.
Lowpermeabilityinsub-surface:HYDROMORPHICSOILSSO
ILPER
MEA
BILITY
SOILPERM
EABILITYLowpermeabilityinsub-surface:PLOUGHPAN
Symptoms
Presenceofwaterinsurface
Causes
Presenceofhardploughpan
ploughpan
Symptoms
Superficialrunoff
Causes
Pour structural stability of soil surface (splasheffectsfromraindrops).
Superficialcrust
Soilswithlargepor3onsoffinesandandsiltaretypicallysuscep3bletocapping.
Indicators
Fine layers of sediments are visible on soilsurfacelayer.
Soillacksmediumandcoarsesandpar3cles.
Lowpermeabilityinsurface:CAPPINGSOILSSO
ILPER
MEA
BILITY
Soilsurface
Percola3on
Superficialrunoff
Superficialcrust
Landscapefactors:EXISTINGMEASURESLAN
DSCAPEFACTORS
Image:Corpen/Artwet Reten3onstructures:wetlands
Stripalongawatercourse(oralake)
Infieldbuffer
Stripbetweenafieldandroad
Meadowacrossatalweg
Grassedbufferinatalweg
bufferinadownslopecornerofa
fieldGrassedbufferinatalweg
Stripbetweenafieldandroad
Collec3onofinforma3onaboutexis3ngmi3ga3onmeasures(vegetatedbuffers,reten3onstructures,hedges,woodlands)fieldlengthandsize,talweg,drainagesystem,shortcuts.
LANDS
CAPE
FAC
TORS
Placedperpendicularlytorunoffflow
Coveredwithuniformvegeta3on(grass,bushes,hedgesortrees)
Regularlymowedandmaintained
Integratedbyothermi3ga3onmeasures
Slowdownrunoff,capturesediments,increasewaterinfiltra.oncapacity,stabilizeriverbanksandincreasebiodiversity
Landscapefactors:VEGETATIVEBUFFERS
LANDSCAPEFACTO
RSLandscapefactors:AGRONOMICPRACTICES
Crop
WinterSpring
Cul.va.on
RowcropBroadcastCrop
Croprota.on
CovercropNocovercropFollowingcrop
Tillage
PloughingMinimum3llageNo3llage
Maintenance
PassesonfieldTramlinesRoughseedbedFineseedbed
Riskclass&ScenarioT=RunofffortransferI=Runoffforinfiltra3onrestric3on
Dashboard1:infiltra.onrestric.onDA
SHBO
ARD1
Takedecisionsfromleatoright
I4
color:levelofrisk
leYer:typeofrunoff
number:specificac3ons
DASHBOARD1
I1 Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercropsincreasecoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefieldaccessareas.
I2 Managetramlines,plantrobustcovercropandmanagefieldaccessareas.Reducerunoffatsourceusingin-fieldmeasures.Ifthisisnotapplicable,implementbufferzones(edge-of-field,in-field).
I3 Useinfieldbunds,reduce3llageintensity,enlargeheadlands,adoptdoublesowinginmoreriskyareas,useedgeoffieldbuffers,reducelengthoffieldbyinfieldbufferanduseedgeoffieldbunds.Implementtalwegbuffersandreten3onstructure,especiallyforfieldswithspringcrops,orwhenin-fieldmeasuresnotviable.
T3
Reducesoil3llage,applycontour3lling,dostripcropping,establishtalwegbuffer,establishhedgesandwoodlandbuffers,buildfascines,establishvegetatedditchandestablishar3ficialwetlandsandponds. Incaseof largeamountofrunoff:stopatsourcetoavoidfast infiltra3onindownhillplot(groundwaterprotec3on).
T1
Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercropsincreasecoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefieldaccessareas.
I4 Reduce soil 3llage, apply contour 3lling, apply strip cropping, establish talweg buffer, establishhedges and woodland buffers, build fascines, establish vegetated ditch and establish ar3ficialwetlandsandponds.Combineeffec3vemeasurestoachievemaximummi3ga3on.
T2
Prepareroughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefield access areas. In case of large amount of runoff: stop at source to avoid fast infiltra3on indownhill plot (ground water protec3on). If runoff transfer to downhill plot is not sufficient tomi3gateriskofrunoff,seemeasureT3.
BestManagementPrac.ces:infiltra.onrestric.on
WHC=Waterholdingcapacityofsoil
DASH
BOAR
D2
Riskclass&ScenarioT=RunofffortransferS=Runoffforsatura3onexcessSD=Runoffforsatura3onexcess+ar3ficialdrainageTakedecisionsfromleatoright
Dashboard2:satura.onexcess
BestManagementPrac.ces:satura.onexcessDASHBO
ARD2
S1/SD1 Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterials,managefieldaccessareas.
S2/SD2 If this is not possible, consider implementa3on of buffer zones (edge-of-field, in-field).Managetramlines,plantrobustcovercropandmanagefieldaccessareas.Reducerunoffatsourceusingin-fieldmeasures,orestablishedge-of-fieldandin-fieldbufferzones.
S3/SD3 Useinfieldbunds,reduce3llageintensity,enlargeheadlands,adoptdoublesowinginmoreriskyareas,useedgeoffieldbuffers,reducelengthoffieldbyinfieldbufferanduseedgeoffieldbunds.Implementtalwegbuffersandreten3onstructurewhenin-fieldmeasuresarenotviable.
T3
Reducesoil3llage,applycontour3lling,dostripcropping,establishtalwegbuffer,establishhedgesandwoodlandbuffers,buildfascines,establishvegetatedditchandestablishar3ficialwetlandsandponds. Incaseof largeamountofrunoff:stopatsourcetoavoidfast infiltra3onindownhillplot(groundwaterprotec3on).
T1
Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterials,managefieldaccessareas.
S4 Reducesoil3llage,applycontour3lling,dostripcropping,establishtalwegbuffer,establishhedgesandwoodlandbuffers,buildfascines,establishvegetatedditchandestablishar3ficialwetlandsandponds.Combineeffec3vemeasurestoachievemaximummi3ga3on.
T2
Prepareroughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefield access areas. In case of large amount of runoff: stop at source to avoid fast infiltra3on indownhill plot (ground water protec3on). If runoff transfer to downhill plot is not sufficient tomi3gateriskofrunoff,seemeasureT3.
Dashboard3:concentratedrunoffDA
SHBO
ARD3
Riskclass&ScenarioRunoffriskisalwaysHIGHwithsignsofconcentratedrunoff.Alwaysneedsapplica3onofmi3ga3onmeasures.C=ConcentratedrunoffTakedecisionsfromleatoright
DASHBOARD3
C1 Prevent concentrated runoff at source uphill in catchment. In addi3on, buffers and reten3on structuresmaybeneededtointerceptanyconcentratedrunoffdownhill
C2 Managetramlines.Prac3cedoublesowinginheadlines.Enlargeheadlands.
C3 Ifsoil isnothydromorphic: Implementbufferzones incorneroffield. Ifsoil ishydromorphic: Implementedge-of-fieldbunds;Constructreten3onponds.
C7 If vegetated talweg buffer doesn't exist, do double sowing or establish vegetated talweg buffer (at theboYom), vegetated ditch or slow infiltra3on reten3on pond. If vegetated talweg buffer already exists,widentalwegbufferupslope,establishvegetatedditchorreten3onpond.Ifpossiblereduceslopelength(stripcropping,in-fieldbuffer)upslopewhereconcentra3onofrunoffstarts.
C5 If buffer doesn't exist, implement edge-of-field buffer zones. If edge-of-field buffer exists,widen buffer,and/orimplementfascines,hedges/hedgerowsorreten3onstructure.Ifpossible,dividefieldwithin-fieldbufferupslope.
C4 Managefieldaccessarea.
C6 If buffer doesn't exist, Implementwide edge-of-field buffer zones (wetmeadow). If edge-of-field bufferexists,widenbufferzonefurther(wetmeadow)and/orimplementwetland.Ifpossible,dividefieldwithin-fieldbufferupslope.
C8 Ifnovegetatedtalwegbufferexists,implementvegetatedtalwegbufferorvegetatedwetlanddownslopeintalweg.Ifvegetatedtalwegbufferexists,widentalwegbuffer(wetmeadow)and/orconstructar3ficialwetlandasreten3onstructure.
C9 Close gully. If edge-of-field buffer doesn't exist, implement buffer AND Implement fascines or reten3onstructure.Ifedge-of-fieldbufferexists,implementfascinesorreten3onstructure.
C10 Close gully. If nobuffer exists, implement vegetated talwegbuffer. If talwegbuffer exists,widen talwegbufferupslopeandimplementvegetatedditchorreten3onpondforslowinfiltra3on.
C11 Closegully.Iftalwegbufferdoesn`texist,implementvegetatedtalwegbufferand/orWetlandormeadow.If talweg buffer exists,widen talweg buffer and implementwith fascines, and/or implementwetland ormeadow.
BestManagementPrac.ces:concentratedrunoff
MITIGAT
IONM
EASU
RESTO
OLBOX
Mi.ga.onmeasuretoolboxI:infieldO:outoffield
PriorityIIn
OOut
I+OIn+Out
Posi.on
Soilmanagement
Croppingprac3ces
Vegeta3vebuffers
Reten3onstructures
Adapteduseofpes3cides
Op3mizedirriga3on
•Reduce3llageintensity(I)•Prepareroughseedbed(I)•Managesurfacesoilcompac3on(I)•Managesubsoilcompac3on(I)
•UseCroprota3on(I+O)•Dostripcropping(I+O)•Useannualcovercrops(I)
•Usein-fieldbuffers(I)•Useedge-of-fieldbuffers(I+O)•Useriparianbuffers(O)•Establishtalwegbuffers(I+O)
•Establishvegetatedditches(O)•Establishar3ficialwetlands/ponds(O)
•Managetramlines(I)•Establishin-fieldbunds(I)•Docontour3lling/disking(I+O)
•Doublesowing(I)•Useperennialcovercrops(I)•Enlargeheadlands(I)
•Useedge-of-fieldbunds(O)•Buildfascines(I+O)
•Adaptapplica3on3ming(I)•Op3mizeseasonal3ming(I)•Adaptproduct/rateselec3on(I+O)
•Adapttechnique(I)•Op3mize3mingandrate(I)
•Establishhedges(O)•Establish/maintainwoodlands(O)•Managefieldaccessareas(I+O)
HIGHRISKMEDIUMRISKLOWRISKVERYLOWRISKGENERALAlwaysimplemented
Risklevel
Mi.ga.onmeasures
Adop3onofBestManagementPrac.ces
areabletomi3gateriskofrunoffinthecontextofenvironmental,
economicandsocialneeds
ADOPTIO
NOFM
ITIGATIO
NM
EASURES
DiagnosisAssessmentofrunoffrisk
Mi.ga.onmeasures
BestManagementPrac.ces
GENERALMEASURES
Alwaysimplemented
VERYLOWRISKMEASURES
LOWRISKMEASURES
MEDIUMRISKMEASURES
HIGHRISKMEASURES
ChecklisttousedashboardsCH
ECKLIST
Factorsneededtoapplydashboards
Signsofrunoff/erosionandthemorigin Runoffwaterpathways Direc3onofsowing/plan3ng Soiltexturees3ma3on Proximitytothevulnerablewaterbody Typeofrunoff
RunoffduetoINFILTRATIONRESTRICTION Soilpermeability(cappingsoil)
RunoffduetoSATURATIONEXCESS Ploughpanorlowpermeablelayers Lowwaterholdingcapacity
1 Proximityoffieldtothewaterbody
2 SoiltextureFrom s o i lm a p ore s ti ma ti o n i n f i e l d
3 SoilwaterholdingcapacityEs ti m a b l e i n f i e l d froms o i l te xtu re b yu s i ng ta b l e fo rWH C
4 SlopeofthelandUsi n g D TMo re sti m a tio n i n f ie l d
5 PermeabilityofthetopsoilEs ti m a b l e i n f i e l d froms o i l te xtu re a n d p re s e n ceo f ca pp i n g
6 DiscretesubsurfacerestrictionPres e n ceo f p l o ugh p an o ro the ri n f il tra ti on re s tri cti o n s
7 Landscapesituation
8Transferofrunofftodownhillfieldsorwaterbody
9 SignsofanyconcentratedrunoffinthefieldI f No ,i gno re p o in ts from 10to14
10 Presenceofconcentratedrunoffin
11 Presenceofmoderatelyconcentratedrunoffin
12 Presenceofstronglyconcentratedrunoffin
13 Hydromorphiccharacteristicofsoil
14 Soilinfiltrationcapacityinbuffer
Yes No
Veri fyp res e n ce o f g re en /g re yco l o u rs ,i ro n/m a n ga n e s e co ncre ti on s w i thre d b row n a nd b l a ck co l o urs ,o rlo w -p erm e a bi l i tyl a ye ri n th e s o i lp ro f i l e b yu s i n g a n a u ge r.
Hi gh Low
Fi el d a cces s a rea
Ri l l Ta lweg
Gul l ynoti n ta lweg
Gu l lyi n ta lweg
Yes No
W heeltra cks
Fi el d corner
Va l l e yF l oo r/Co n ca ve S l o p e
Up s lo p e Co n ca ve / S tra i gh tS l op e
Dow n h il l tra n s ferun l i k e ly
Tra ns fe rl i k e lyb u tn o tto s u rfa ce
Low<2%
Medium2 -5%
Ti l e D ra i ne d
Tra n s ferli k e l ytosu rfa cew a te r
Hi gh>5%
Low Medium High
None Pa n orother Pan +other
Adja cent Nota dja cent
Texturec l as s
<120mm >120mm
FIELDFORM
Fieldform
Source:Arvalis-Ins1tuteduvégétal
Claylayer
Capp
ing
Vinc
hio-
Vagl
io
No
Mai
ze, r
otat
ion
with
whe
at
Min
imum
tilla
ge
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
2%
No
No
No
No
Loam
20
-25%
Abs
ent
0-30
cm
Yes
Yes
Sand
y-lo
am
10-2
0% N
o30
-60c
m
Yes
Yes
100c
m;
WH
C=1
70m
m
Soi
l clo
se to
the
stre
am. 1
m n
atur
al b
uffe
r bet
wee
n en
d of
fiel
d an
d st
ream
. C
once
ntra
ted
runo
ff in
the
field
. Cla
y la
yer a
t 60c
m d
epth
, sub
-sup
erfic
ial r
unof
f pr
obab
ly o
ccur
s. C
appi
ng s
oil o
n su
rfac
e (s
ilt>3
0%).
Wat
er lo
ggin
g at
the
dow
nhill
of
the
field
.
No
Med
ium
Allu
vium
- A
sti s
and
FIELDFO
RM
Soilsurface
Geologicalsubstrateorpermeabilitybreakdown
Drainagesystem
Thethicknessofthearrowssymbolizesthepropor3onofwaterflowintherela3vedirec3on
Thissymbolmeansthatwaterinfiltratesandfillsupthewaterholdingcapacityofthesoil.Thereisnotransfer.
Legend
Fieldform
Exampleofapplica.onofmi.ga.onmeasuresAPPLICATIO
NOFM
ITIGATIO
NM
EASURES
Establishgrassedandwoodybuffersinriparianareas
Reduce.llageintensityandsoilcrust
Soilcrust
Breakcappinglayer
Dispersiveconstruc.on:vegetatedditches
Perennialcovercropsinfieldaccessareas
Gullyerosion
No-buffer
Riparianbuffer
Not-vegetated
Vegetated
Vegetatedbuffer
TOPPS-prowadis is a mul3-stakeholder project which started 2011, executed by local partners and experts. TOPPS stands for TrainOperatorstoPromoteBestManagementPrac3ces&Sustainability.
TOPPSisfundedbytheEuropeanCropProtec3onAssocia3on(ECPA)andaimstoreducelossesofPlantProtec3onProductstowater.
Forfurtherinforma3onvisit
www.TOPPS-life.org
AldoFerrero,FrancescoVidojo,FernandoDePaloDepartmentofAgricultural,ForestandFoodSciencesDISAFA-UniversitàdegliStudidiTorinoLargoPaoloBraccini,2-10095Grugliasco(TO)Tel:+390116708780;Fax+390116708789aldo.ferrero@unito.it
Agrofarma-FederchimicaAssociazionenazionaleimpreseagrofarmaciViaGiovannidaProcida,11-20149Milano(MI)Tel.+390234565334;Fax+390234565456agrofarma@federchimica.it
E.C.P.A.-EuropeanCropProtec.onAssocia.on6AvenueE.VanNieuwenhuyseB-1160Brussels,Belgium.Tel.+3226631550;Fax+3226631560ecpa@ecpa.eu