BestManagementPrac.cestoreducewaterpollu.onwithplantprotec.onproductsfromrunoffanderosion

RUNOFF Fieldmanual

TOPPS-ProwadisSTEPSMethodologyatcatchmentandfieldscale

Runoffrisklevel

Selec.onofmi.ga.onmeasures(BMPs)1.  Soilmanagement2.  Croppingprac3ces3.  Vegeta3vebuffers4.  Reten3onstructures5.  Adap3ngPPPsand3ming6.  Op3mizedirriga3on

Datacollec.onLandscape,farmdescrip3on,

soiltypes,geology,hydrology…

Iden.fica.onofwaterpathwaysandtypeofrunoff

Categoriza3onsoilpermeabilityandwaterholdingcapacity

Assessmentofrisksfordiffuseandconcentratedrunoffbyusing

dashboards

2

3 4

5

Assessmentofagriculturalprac.ces

-  Tillage,croppingandPPPsuseprac3ces

-  Spring/summerandwinter/autumnseasons

Basedon:AQUAPLAINE® concept, ARVALIS-Ins1tutduvégétal

1

sol argileux

sauf sol argileux

Catchmentdiagnosis

Fielddiagnosis

Fielddiagnosis

DashboardsBMPs

Collec.onofdataneededforcatchmentdiagnosis

CORPEN,2007

  RunoffisgeneratedatCATCHMENTandFIELDscale.

  Waterbodypollu3oniscausedifcontaminatedsurfacewaterleavesthefield.

  Mi3ga3onmeasurescanbeachievedthroughfieldprac3cesandvegeta3vebuffersretainingwaterinthefield.

Diagnosisatcatchmentlevel Landscapeinforma.onMapsPedologicalandgeologicalmaps,eleva3onandslope,soilhydrologyandtexture,hydrographicnetwork,orthophoto,etc.

CATCHMEN

TDIAGNOSIS

FIELDDIAG

NOSIS

Collec.onofdataneededforfielddiagnosis

Waterpathwaysinfield/

catchment

INFORMATION

WATERSATURATIONPERIOD

DIRECTIONOFWATERFLOW

INTENSITYOFWATERFLOW

SOILPERMEABILITY

WATERHOLDINGCAPACITY

EFFECTONAGRICULTURALPRACTICEONWATERFLOW

SoilTexture,permeabilityofthesurfacehorizon,coarsefragmentsandshrinkagecracks

LandscapeSlope,sinkholes,etc.

InfrastructuresDrainageanddrainperformance,bufferzones,wetlands

WeatherdataRainpaYern,rainevents,

sta3s3cs

Cropping/cul.va.onprac.ces

Crop,croprota3on,3llageprac3ces,cropprotec3on

DATA

SubstrateDepth,breakinpermeabilityandinclina3on

Superficialandsub-superficialrunoff

TYPEOFRU

NOFF

Iden.fica.onofsuperficialrunofftype

CAUSE  Lateralseepage  Sub-superficialimpermeablelayer  Ar3ficialdrainage

Superficialrunoff

Sub-superficialrunoff

Superficialrunoff

Percola.on

Lowpermeablelayer

Sub-superficialrunoff

RainIrriga.on

CAUSE  Heavytexture/poorstructure

  Cappingandcompac3ononsurface

  Highintensitystorms  Lowvegeta3vecover

Infiltra3onrestric3onMainlyinspring/summer

CAUSE  Superficialsoil

  ImpermeablelayersImpermeablelayers

Saturatedsoil

Satura3onexcessMainlyinautumn/winter

TYPE

OFRU

NOFF

Iden.fica.onofsuperficialrunofftype

Impermeablelayer

Impermeablelayer

Soilsatura3on

TALWEG

Runofffrominfiltra.onrestric.on

Runofffromsatura.onexcess

Runofffromconcentratedflows

Prac.calmethodtodeterminesoiltextureSO

ILTEXTURE

ModifiedfromS.J.Thien.1979.Aflowdiagramforteachingtexturebyfeelanalysis.JournalofAgronomicEduca3on.8:54-55.

Example:sandyclaytexture,depth100cm1.7mmx100cm=170mmWHCDetermineWHCfortheen.rehorizonupto100cmdepthortodepthofpermeablelayer.

Soilswithwaterholdingcapaci3es>120mmhavenowatercontamina3onrisk

SOILW

ATER

HOLD

INGCAP

ACITY

Determina.onofwaterholdingcapacity(WHC)

Calcula.onofWHC

a)Determinetextureb)Determinesoildepth Average Range

Sand 0.4 0.1-1.2

Loamysand(mediumsand)

0.8 0.4-1.4

Loamysand(veryfinesand)

1.0 0.6-1.8

Sandyloam 1.3 0.8-1.8

LoamSiltloamSilt

1.7 1.2-2.2

ClayloamSandyclayloamSiltyclayloam

1.8 1.2-2.4

SandyclaySiltyclayClay

1.7 1.0-2.2

Soiltexture

WaterHoldingCapacity(mmwater/cmsoil)

Soilpermeability

Highpermeability=

Highinfiltra3on=

Lowriskofsuperficialrunoff

HIGHPERMEABILITYNoncappingsoils,

sandy/sandyloamsoils,loamy/siltsoils,high

organicmaYercontent,nonswellingclays

LOWPERMEABILITYINSURFACERunoffdueto

reducedinfiltra3on

LowWHC,cappingsoil,clayey/loamysoils

=Highriskofsuperficial

runoff

Impermeablelayer

LOWPERMEABILITYINSUB-SURFACERunoffduetosoilsatura3on

Impermeablelayer

Soilsatura3on,ploughpan

=Highriskofsuperficialandsub-superficial

runoff

Soilpermeability:keyfactorforinfiltra3onofwaterinthesoil

SOILPERM

EABILITY

PERMEABILITY:capacityofsoiltoallowwatertopassthroughit

Symptoms

  Presenceofwatersatura3oninthesoil.

Causes

  Subsoillayeroflowpermeability.

Indicators

  Colored areas below topsoil are visible(green/grey colors, iron and manganeseaccumula3on / concre3ons, with red-brownandblackcolors).

  Low-permeability subsoil (clayey or loamysubsoil,hardrockorrockrubblesuchasashale layer, a grani3c layer, a non kars3climestone layer) at 80 cmor less below amore permeable topsoil (sand or sandyloam).

  Soil remains wet for at least 2 to 5 daysaferrain.

Lowpermeabilityinsub-surface:HYDROMORPHICSOILSSO

ILPER

MEA

BILITY

SOILPERM

EABILITYLowpermeabilityinsub-surface:PLOUGHPAN

Symptoms

  Presenceofwaterinsurface

Causes

  Presenceofhardploughpan

ploughpan

Symptoms

  Superficialrunoff

Causes

  Pour structural stability of soil surface (splasheffectsfromraindrops).

  Superficialcrust

  Soilswithlargepor3onsoffinesandandsiltaretypicallysuscep3bletocapping.

Indicators

  Fine layers of sediments are visible on soilsurfacelayer.

  Soillacksmediumandcoarsesandpar3cles.

Lowpermeabilityinsurface:CAPPINGSOILSSO

ILPER

MEA

BILITY

Soilsurface

Percola3on

Superficialrunoff

Superficialcrust

Landscapefactors:EXISTINGMEASURESLAN

DSCAPEFACTORS

Image:Corpen/Artwet Reten3onstructures:wetlands

Stripalongawatercourse(oralake)

Infieldbuffer

Stripbetweenafieldandroad

Meadowacrossatalweg

Grassedbufferinatalweg

bufferinadownslopecornerofa

fieldGrassedbufferinatalweg

Stripbetweenafieldandroad

Collec3onofinforma3onaboutexis3ngmi3ga3onmeasures(vegetatedbuffers,reten3onstructures,hedges,woodlands)fieldlengthandsize,talweg,drainagesystem,shortcuts.

LANDS

CAPE

FAC

TORS

  Placedperpendicularlytorunoffflow

  Coveredwithuniformvegeta3on(grass,bushes,hedgesortrees)

  Regularlymowedandmaintained

  Integratedbyothermi3ga3onmeasures

Slowdownrunoff,capturesediments,increasewaterinfiltra.oncapacity,stabilizeriverbanksandincreasebiodiversity

Landscapefactors:VEGETATIVEBUFFERS

LANDSCAPEFACTO

RSLandscapefactors:AGRONOMICPRACTICES

Crop

WinterSpring

Cul.va.on

RowcropBroadcastCrop

Croprota.on

CovercropNocovercropFollowingcrop

Tillage

PloughingMinimum3llageNo3llage

Maintenance

PassesonfieldTramlinesRoughseedbedFineseedbed

Riskclass&ScenarioT=RunofffortransferI=Runoffforinfiltra3onrestric3on

Dashboard1:infiltra.onrestric.onDA

SHBO

ARD1

Takedecisionsfromleatoright

I4

color:levelofrisk

leYer:typeofrunoff

number:specificac3ons

DASHBOARD1

I1 Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercropsincreasecoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefieldaccessareas.

I2 Managetramlines,plantrobustcovercropandmanagefieldaccessareas.Reducerunoffatsourceusingin-fieldmeasures.Ifthisisnotapplicable,implementbufferzones(edge-of-field,in-field).

I3 Useinfieldbunds,reduce3llageintensity,enlargeheadlands,adoptdoublesowinginmoreriskyareas,useedgeoffieldbuffers,reducelengthoffieldbyinfieldbufferanduseedgeoffieldbunds.Implementtalwegbuffersandreten3onstructure,especiallyforfieldswithspringcrops,orwhenin-fieldmeasuresnotviable.

T3

Reducesoil3llage,applycontour3lling,dostripcropping,establishtalwegbuffer,establishhedgesandwoodlandbuffers,buildfascines,establishvegetatedditchandestablishar3ficialwetlandsandponds. Incaseof largeamountofrunoff:stopatsourcetoavoidfast infiltra3onindownhillplot(groundwaterprotec3on).

T1

Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercropsincreasecoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefieldaccessareas.

I4 Reduce soil 3llage, apply contour 3lling, apply strip cropping, establish talweg buffer, establishhedges and woodland buffers, build fascines, establish vegetated ditch and establish ar3ficialwetlandsandponds.Combineeffec3vemeasurestoachievemaximummi3ga3on.

T2

Prepareroughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefield access areas. In case of large amount of runoff: stop at source to avoid fast infiltra3on indownhill plot (ground water protec3on). If runoff transfer to downhill plot is not sufficient tomi3gateriskofrunoff,seemeasureT3.

BestManagementPrac.ces:infiltra.onrestric.on

WHC=Waterholdingcapacityofsoil

DASH

BOAR

D2

Riskclass&ScenarioT=RunofffortransferS=Runoffforsatura3onexcessSD=Runoffforsatura3onexcess+ar3ficialdrainageTakedecisionsfromleatoright

Dashboard2:satura.onexcess

BestManagementPrac.ces:satura.onexcessDASHBO

ARD2

S1/SD1 Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterials,managefieldaccessareas.

S2/SD2 If this is not possible, consider implementa3on of buffer zones (edge-of-field, in-field).Managetramlines,plantrobustcovercropandmanagefieldaccessareas.Reducerunoffatsourceusingin-fieldmeasures,orestablishedge-of-fieldandin-fieldbufferzones.

S3/SD3 Useinfieldbunds,reduce3llageintensity,enlargeheadlands,adoptdoublesowinginmoreriskyareas,useedgeoffieldbuffers,reducelengthoffieldbyinfieldbufferanduseedgeoffieldbunds.Implementtalwegbuffersandreten3onstructurewhenin-fieldmeasuresarenotviable.

T3

Reducesoil3llage,applycontour3lling,dostripcropping,establishtalwegbuffer,establishhedgesandwoodlandbuffers,buildfascines,establishvegetatedditchandestablishar3ficialwetlandsandponds. Incaseof largeamountofrunoff:stopatsourcetoavoidfast infiltra3onindownhillplot(groundwaterprotec3on).

T1

Maintain good agricultural prac3ces in field to minimize runoff and erosion. Prepare roughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterials,managefieldaccessareas.

S4 Reducesoil3llage,applycontour3lling,dostripcropping,establishtalwegbuffer,establishhedgesandwoodlandbuffers,buildfascines,establishvegetatedditchandestablishar3ficialwetlandsandponds.Combineeffec3vemeasurestoachievemaximummi3ga3on.

T2

Prepareroughseedbed,usecovercrops,increasesoilcoveragewithorganicmaterialsandmanagefield access areas. In case of large amount of runoff: stop at source to avoid fast infiltra3on indownhill plot (ground water protec3on). If runoff transfer to downhill plot is not sufficient tomi3gateriskofrunoff,seemeasureT3.

Dashboard3:concentratedrunoffDA

SHBO

ARD3

Riskclass&ScenarioRunoffriskisalwaysHIGHwithsignsofconcentratedrunoff.Alwaysneedsapplica3onofmi3ga3onmeasures.C=ConcentratedrunoffTakedecisionsfromleatoright

DASHBOARD3

C1 Prevent concentrated runoff at source uphill in catchment. In addi3on, buffers and reten3on structuresmaybeneededtointerceptanyconcentratedrunoffdownhill

C2 Managetramlines.Prac3cedoublesowinginheadlines.Enlargeheadlands.

C3 Ifsoil isnothydromorphic: Implementbufferzones incorneroffield. Ifsoil ishydromorphic: Implementedge-of-fieldbunds;Constructreten3onponds.

C7 If vegetated talweg buffer doesn't exist, do double sowing or establish vegetated talweg buffer (at theboYom), vegetated ditch or slow infiltra3on reten3on pond. If vegetated talweg buffer already exists,widentalwegbufferupslope,establishvegetatedditchorreten3onpond.Ifpossiblereduceslopelength(stripcropping,in-fieldbuffer)upslopewhereconcentra3onofrunoffstarts.

C5 If buffer doesn't exist, implement edge-of-field buffer zones. If edge-of-field buffer exists,widen buffer,and/orimplementfascines,hedges/hedgerowsorreten3onstructure.Ifpossible,dividefieldwithin-fieldbufferupslope.

C4 Managefieldaccessarea.

C6 If buffer doesn't exist, Implementwide edge-of-field buffer zones (wetmeadow). If edge-of-field bufferexists,widenbufferzonefurther(wetmeadow)and/orimplementwetland.Ifpossible,dividefieldwithin-fieldbufferupslope.

C8 Ifnovegetatedtalwegbufferexists,implementvegetatedtalwegbufferorvegetatedwetlanddownslopeintalweg.Ifvegetatedtalwegbufferexists,widentalwegbuffer(wetmeadow)and/orconstructar3ficialwetlandasreten3onstructure.

C9 Close gully. If edge-of-field buffer doesn't exist, implement buffer AND Implement fascines or reten3onstructure.Ifedge-of-fieldbufferexists,implementfascinesorreten3onstructure.

C10 Close gully. If nobuffer exists, implement vegetated talwegbuffer. If talwegbuffer exists,widen talwegbufferupslopeandimplementvegetatedditchorreten3onpondforslowinfiltra3on.

C11 Closegully.Iftalwegbufferdoesn`texist,implementvegetatedtalwegbufferand/orWetlandormeadow.If talweg buffer exists,widen talweg buffer and implementwith fascines, and/or implementwetland ormeadow.

BestManagementPrac.ces:concentratedrunoff

MITIGAT

IONM

EASU

RESTO

OLBOX

Mi.ga.onmeasuretoolboxI:infieldO:outoffield

PriorityIIn

OOut

I+OIn+Out

Posi.on

Soilmanagement

Croppingprac3ces

Vegeta3vebuffers

Reten3onstructures

Adapteduseofpes3cides

Op3mizedirriga3on

•Reduce3llageintensity(I)•Prepareroughseedbed(I)•Managesurfacesoilcompac3on(I)•Managesubsoilcompac3on(I)

•UseCroprota3on(I+O)•Dostripcropping(I+O)•Useannualcovercrops(I)

•Usein-fieldbuffers(I)•Useedge-of-fieldbuffers(I+O)•Useriparianbuffers(O)•Establishtalwegbuffers(I+O)

•Establishvegetatedditches(O)•Establishar3ficialwetlands/ponds(O)

•Managetramlines(I)•Establishin-fieldbunds(I)•Docontour3lling/disking(I+O)

•Doublesowing(I)•Useperennialcovercrops(I)•Enlargeheadlands(I)

•Useedge-of-fieldbunds(O)•Buildfascines(I+O)

•Adaptapplica3on3ming(I)•Op3mizeseasonal3ming(I)•Adaptproduct/rateselec3on(I+O)

•Adapttechnique(I)•Op3mize3mingandrate(I)

•Establishhedges(O)•Establish/maintainwoodlands(O)•Managefieldaccessareas(I+O)

HIGHRISKMEDIUMRISKLOWRISKVERYLOWRISKGENERALAlwaysimplemented

Risklevel

Mi.ga.onmeasures

Adop3onofBestManagementPrac.ces

areabletomi3gateriskofrunoffinthecontextofenvironmental,

economicandsocialneeds

ADOPTIO

NOFM

ITIGATIO

NM

EASURES

DiagnosisAssessmentofrunoffrisk

Mi.ga.onmeasures

BestManagementPrac.ces

GENERALMEASURES

Alwaysimplemented

VERYLOWRISKMEASURES

LOWRISKMEASURES

MEDIUMRISKMEASURES

HIGHRISKMEASURES

ChecklisttousedashboardsCH

ECKLIST

Factorsneededtoapplydashboards

  Signsofrunoff/erosionandthemorigin  Runoffwaterpathways  Direc3onofsowing/plan3ng  Soiltexturees3ma3on  Proximitytothevulnerablewaterbody  Typeofrunoff

RunoffduetoINFILTRATIONRESTRICTION  Soilpermeability(cappingsoil)

RunoffduetoSATURATIONEXCESS  Ploughpanorlowpermeablelayers  Lowwaterholdingcapacity

1 Proximityoffieldtothewaterbody

2 SoiltextureFrom s o i lm a p ore s ti ma ti o n i n f i e l d

3 SoilwaterholdingcapacityEs ti m a b l e i n f i e l d froms o i l te xtu re b yu s i ng ta b l e fo rWH C

4 SlopeofthelandUsi n g D TMo re sti m a tio n i n f ie l d

5 PermeabilityofthetopsoilEs ti m a b l e i n f i e l d froms o i l te xtu re a n d p re s e n ceo f ca pp i n g

6 DiscretesubsurfacerestrictionPres e n ceo f p l o ugh p an o ro the ri n f il tra ti on re s tri cti o n s

7 Landscapesituation

8Transferofrunofftodownhillfieldsorwaterbody

9 SignsofanyconcentratedrunoffinthefieldI f No ,i gno re p o in ts from 10to14

10 Presenceofconcentratedrunoffin

11 Presenceofmoderatelyconcentratedrunoffin

12 Presenceofstronglyconcentratedrunoffin

13 Hydromorphiccharacteristicofsoil

14 Soilinfiltrationcapacityinbuffer

Yes No

Veri fyp res e n ce o f g re en /g re yco l o u rs ,i ro n/m a n ga n e s e co ncre ti on s w i thre d b row n a nd b l a ck co l o urs ,o rlo w -p erm e a bi l i tyl a ye ri n th e s o i lp ro f i l e b yu s i n g a n a u ge r.

Hi gh Low

Fi el d a cces s a rea

Ri l l Ta lweg

Gul l ynoti n ta lweg

Gu l lyi n ta lweg

Yes No

W heeltra cks

Fi el d corner

Va l l e yF l oo r/Co n ca ve S l o p e

Up s lo p e Co n ca ve / S tra i gh tS l op e

Dow n h il l tra n s ferun l i k e ly

Tra ns fe rl i k e lyb u tn o tto s u rfa ce

Low<2%

Medium2 -5%

Ti l e D ra i ne d

Tra n s ferli k e l ytosu rfa cew a te r

Hi gh>5%

Low Medium High

None Pa n orother Pan +other

Adja cent Nota dja cent

Texturec l as s

<120mm >120mm

FIELDFORM

Fieldform

Source:Arvalis-Ins1tuteduvégétal

Claylayer

Capp

ing

Vinc

hio-

Vagl

io

No

Mai

ze, r

otat

ion

with

whe

at

Min

imum

tilla

ge

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

2%

No

No

No

No

Loam

20

-25%

Abs

ent

0-30

cm

Yes

Yes

Sand

y-lo

am

10-2

0% N

o30

-60c

m

Yes

Yes

100c

m;

WH

C=1

70m

m

Soi

l clo

se to

the

stre

am. 1

m n

atur

al b

uffe

r bet

wee

n en

d of

fiel

d an

d st

ream

. C

once

ntra

ted

runo

ff in

the

field

. Cla

y la

yer a

t 60c

m d

epth

, sub

-sup

erfic

ial r

unof

f pr

obab

ly o

ccur

s. C

appi

ng s

oil o

n su

rfac

e (s

ilt>3

0%).

Wat

er lo

ggin

g at

the

dow

nhill

of

the

field

.

No

Med

ium

Allu

vium

- A

sti s

and

FIELDFO

RM

Soilsurface

Geologicalsubstrateorpermeabilitybreakdown

Drainagesystem

Thethicknessofthearrowssymbolizesthepropor3onofwaterflowintherela3vedirec3on

Thissymbolmeansthatwaterinfiltratesandfillsupthewaterholdingcapacityofthesoil.Thereisnotransfer.

Legend

Fieldform

Exampleofapplica.onofmi.ga.onmeasuresAPPLICATIO

NOFM

ITIGATIO

NM

EASURES

Establishgrassedandwoodybuffersinriparianareas

Reduce.llageintensityandsoilcrust

Soilcrust

Breakcappinglayer

Dispersiveconstruc.on:vegetatedditches

Perennialcovercropsinfieldaccessareas

Gullyerosion

No-buffer

Riparianbuffer

Not-vegetated

Vegetated

Vegetatedbuffer

TOPPS-prowadis is a mul3-stakeholder project which started 2011, executed by local partners and experts. TOPPS stands for TrainOperatorstoPromoteBestManagementPrac3ces&Sustainability.

TOPPSisfundedbytheEuropeanCropProtec3onAssocia3on(ECPA)andaimstoreducelossesofPlantProtec3onProductstowater.

Forfurtherinforma3onvisit

www.TOPPS-life.org

AldoFerrero,FrancescoVidojo,FernandoDePaloDepartmentofAgricultural,ForestandFoodSciencesDISAFA-UniversitàdegliStudidiTorinoLargoPaoloBraccini,2-10095Grugliasco(TO)Tel:+390116708780;Fax+390116708789aldo.ferrero@unito.it

Agrofarma-FederchimicaAssociazionenazionaleimpreseagrofarmaciViaGiovannidaProcida,11-20149Milano(MI)Tel.+390234565334;Fax+390234565456agrofarma@federchimica.it

E.C.P.A.-EuropeanCropProtec.onAssocia.on6AvenueE.VanNieuwenhuyseB-1160Brussels,Belgium.Tel.+3226631550;Fax+3226631560ecpa@ecpa.eu