Bendavid unpacking archival_silences_guest_lecture_18022013

Unpacking Archival Silences

A short history of Web archives research

Anat Ben-‐david, University of Amsterdam, February 2013

Image: Luc Viatour / www.Lucnix.be

Monday, February 18, 13

What are Web Archives For?

1. Preservation of (national) digital cultural heritage

-‐ .."web resources which are collected with the aim of their long-‐term preservation". (Czech Web archive)

-‐ "The Archive's mission is gathering and long-‐term preservation of Internet publications as part of the Croatian national heritage” (Croatian Web archive)

-‐ "..these websites were carefully selected to be part of the nation's documentary heritage". (Singapore Web Archive)

2. Responding to a preservation risk

-‐ .."the present generation may be considered as a forgotten dark age by future generations if we neglect to select and preserve digital resources at country level"(South Korea Web archive)

-‐ .."These days, documents are increasingly being published only digitally. If we do not preserve the information, part of our heritage will be lost forever" (Swedish Web archive)

-‐ .."Responding to the challenge of a potential ‘digital black hole’ the UK Web Archive is there to safeguard as many of these websites as practical.(UK Web Archive)

3. Viewing past versions of a Website

-‐ .."You can see archived websites in their original version. Our service will help you search efWiciently and quickly for an important publication in the Wlood of information on the Internet" (Japan Web archive)

-‐ .."The collection also provides a visual history of how websites change over time" (New Zealand Web archive)

-‐ .."Warning -‐ The current version of the site may no longer be available" (Latvian Web Archive)

4. and.. also for research

-‐ .."This makes the web an important source for future researchers, not only for studies of the development of the web but certainly for research on society today" (Dutch Web archive)

-‐ .."All materials are archived and available for use by researchers and others who need them in their studies -‐ now and in the future". (Finland Web archive)

-‐ .."Web history can provide a tremendous base for time-‐based analysis of the content, the topology including emerging communities and topics, trends analysis etc. as well as an invaluable source of information for the future" (European Archive)

“Archival Silences” (?)

Image source: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Books/Pix/pictures/2009/10/16/1255686935351/Dusty-bookshelf-001.jpg

-‐ “Web archives will be the digital equivalent of the dusty archive, often well-‐curated and maintained, but hardly used” -‐-‐ (Meyer et al., 2011, p. 7)

-‐ “One must ask, in the world of Internet research, why do Web archives appear to be second class citizens? “ -‐-‐ (Meyer et al., 2011, p. 9 )

-‐ “Web archiving infrastructure receives scholarly and non-‐scholarly attention; the archived materials – the primary source material – gain less notice” -‐-‐ (Rogers 2013, p. 85)

-‐ “There is a growing gulf in web archiving between the researchers who want to use web artifacts to study in their Wield and the information professional who serve information needs” -‐-‐ (Dougherty & Heuvel 2010, p. 6)

A short history of Web archives

-‐ 1996-‐1998 Web archive as a Web index

-‐ 1999-‐ Web archives as special collections

-‐ 2000-‐The national turn in Web archiving

-‐ 2005 -‐ Emerging Web archiving theory

-‐ 1996-‐ the Internet Archive and the Wayback Machine

-‐ Crawlers as the ultimate collection-‐makers of the Web

-‐ Navigational tool -‐ together with the Alexa Toolbar, providing solution to accessing broken links

-‐ Organizational tool -‐ borrowing from Library Science and Scientometrics

-‐ Web archive as a digital library

1. Web Archive as a Web Index

Image: http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/images/2008/05/07/brewster_kahle_630x.jpg

Alexa Toolbar

Internet Archive Wayback Machine

2. Web Archives as Special Collections

• Foot and Schneider 1999 -‐ “Web Sphere Analysis”

• Collections of elections, natural disasters and “transitions” continue to dominate the Wield

• Content and hyperlink analysis

3. The national turn in Web archiving

Web archiving at a national scale proposes new questions and challenges:

-‐ What is a national Web? How to deWine national cultural heritage on the Web?

-‐ Scale: full domain harvest (e-‐depot) or curation?

-‐ Selection criteria and policy

-‐ Infrastructure, Formats, Accessibility

-‐ How is a web archive different from other digital collections maintained by national libraries? Web archives as institutions

http://timeline.webarchivists.org/Monday, February 18, 13

4. Emerging Web Archiving Theory

Some distinctions:

-‐ Web archives as tools for research /as an object of study

Some distinctions:

-‐ Web History / Digital History

Some distinctions:

-‐ Website / Website in its archived environment

Some distinctions:

-‐ Website / Website in its archived environment

-‐ Digitized objects / Digital Objects / “Re-‐born digital objects” (Brügger 2012)

Types of Web Historiography enabled

Rogers (2013):

- Single site historiography

Rogers (2013):

- Collection making

Rogers (2013):

- Collection making

- Link analysis, while attempting to figure out what is missing

Rogers (2013):

- Collection making

- Link analysis, while attempting to figure out what is missing

- Evolution of digital objects (such as source code, cookies or tracking devices)

Single website history - Capture history of website, andplayback as screencast documentary (time-lapsed photography)

"Google and the politics of tabs" by Govcom.org, Amsterdam, 2008.

Collection making. Build collections from the archive(e.g., Dutch extremist sites by NRC Handelsblad)

Historical link analysis over time Ben-David (2011)

Weltevrede & Helmond 2012Monday, February 18, 13

Ghostery detecting trackers on an archived frontpage of the New York Times from 16 October 2006 in the Internet Archive.

Number of trackers per year on the New York Times frontpage. Green: ad, orange: tracker, blue: analytics, pink: widget. Categorization provided by Ghostery.

Helmond (2013)

Types of Web Historiography precluded

-‐ (Most) Web archives are not searchable

-‐ (Most) Web archives are not accessible online

-‐ Cross-‐collection comparison is difWicult

-‐ Wayback machine “jump cuts through time” (Rogers, 2013)

WebART projectWeb Archive Retrieval Tools

Jaap Kamps, Richard Rogers, Arjen de Vries, Paul Doorenbosch, René Voorburg, Victor-Jan Vos

Anat Ben-David, Hugo Huurdeman, Thaer Sammar

http://webarchiving.nl

THE INTERFACE

http://178.228.147.61:8080/

“DICTATORS” FREQUENCY OVER TIME

17/05/2011 25/08/2011 03/12/2011 12/03/2012 20/06/2012 28/09/2012 06/01/2013 16/04/2013

Mubarek

Kim Jung Il

Fidel Castro

Raul Castro

New articles about “dictators” over time

https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?docid=1uK740ETdt-Vva9lLd63h3_2hAKguAyjCS6n1-wE#map:id=3

WIRE “FORENSICS”

IMAGE SEARCH RESULTS

IMAGE TIMELINE

http://labs.timelessfuture.com/timeline/

Questions?

Thank you

a.ben-‐david@uva.nl

Image: Luc Viatour / www.Lucnix.be

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