Post on 16-Oct-2020
Beans4Feeds
Review Meeting
PGRO
Peterborough
28 April 2016
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� CONTEXT
� Major issue in the main UK aquaculture sector – Atlantic salmon farming
� Development of sustainable feeds
� Replacement of the marine ingredients, fishmeal (protein) and fish oil
� Alternative proteins� Plant-derived proteins
� Issues - low protein content, limiting amino acids (Met, Lys), anti-nutritional factors (ANFs)
� PROJECT
� Innovate UK (TSB) Call
� Project Consortium and Aims
� Strategy and Outputs
� Activities – Workpackages
� Partner Roles
� Today – The Review Meeting
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Overview of the Beans4Feeds Project
Global Fish Supply
• Increasing world population
• Increased demand for food including fish/seafood
• Fish/seafood from capture fisheries stagnant
• Increased demand being met by aquaculture (>50%)
• Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal-food production sector
• Very efficient � FCR ~ 1.2 for salmon
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World populationAfrica Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Northern America Oceania
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World fish production
Capture production Aquaculture production
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Issues in the Development of Sustainable Feeds
• Carnivorous Fish Species (Salmonids & Marine Fish)
• Natural diet is protein and lipid (v.low carbohydrate)
• Fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) traditional ingredients
• Reduction in use of marine raw materials
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Aquaculture Feeds – FM and FO
� Why FM & FO?
� In nature, fish eat other fish
� Both readily accepted and digested by fish
� Previously, both readily available and cheap
� Essentially converting low value species into high value species
� Paradox
� FM and FO derived from wild capture fisheries that, like all other fisheries, are
at their sustainable limit
� FM and FO production from feed grade fisheries is static (but probably
sustainable) – but they finite raw materials & limiting ingredients
� Last 25 years, around 20 -25 million tonnes (mt) fish reduced to 5.2 - 7.5 mt
(average 6.5) of FM and 0.8 -1.6 mt (ave. 1) FO
� In 1992, aquaculture used 15% and 20% of global FM and FO � In 2008
almost 70% FM and 90% FO. In 2013, 72% FM and 75% FO
� Alternatives to FM required
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Fishmeal
Use in 2013
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72%
6%
20%
2%
Fishmeal Usage by Market 2013
Aquaculture
Chicken
Pig
Other
5% 5%
28%
21%
9%
24%
8%
Use of Fishmeal in Aquaculture 2013
Cyprinids Eels Crustaceans Marine fish Other Salmonoids Tilapias
Alternative Protein Sources• Other marine sources
• Krill meal and crustacean (crab & shrimp) meals – not really major protein sources (e.g. minerals, pigments)
• Algal meals – limited production & supply
• Supply and sustainability issues; used for specific purposes/functional feeds
• Animal meals (processed animal products, PAPs; LAPs)
• Blood meal, poultry meal, feather meal – 60-80%
• Banned in EU after the BSE scare in the UK
• Now some allowed BUT producer/retailer reluctance to reintroduce
• Insect meals – volumes? EU regulatory issues?
• Plant proteins
• Oilseed meals – soybean, sunflower, rapeseed
• Cereals – wheat, corn (maize)
• Legumes – peas, faba (field or horse) beans, lupins
• Most sustainable, readily available and utilised alternatives
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Plant Proteins I
• Protein content
• Carnivorous fish need energy dense diets
• Essentially protein and lipid
• Salmon need high levels of each
• FM >60%, but plant meals often 30-35%
• Need to produce protein concentrates
• Soy protein concentrates (SPC) - > 60%
• Glutens – wheat (80%) & corn (> 60%)
• Amino acid composition
• Low levels of certain amino acids (e.g. Met and Lys)
• Blending plant proteins sources
• Use of crystalline amino acids
• Micronutrients
• Lower in some microminerals – e.g. Iodine and Selenium, come from FM
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Plant Proteins II
• Antinutritional factors
• Compounds found in plant meals that produce negative effects on health and nutrient balance
• Gut function incl. digestion and absorption of nutrients and growth
• Feed efficiency
• Tissue pathologies e.g. pancreatic hypertrophy, liver dysfunction, goiterogenesis etc.
• Immune suppression
• Some are specifically produced by plant to protect from grazing
• Fish not adapted to these compounds
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Plant Proteins III
• Antinutritional factors
• Enzyme inhibitors – e.g. proteinase inhibitors
• Lectins – hemagglutinins, legumes
• Saponins – glycosides, distal enteritis in salmonids fed soybean meal
• Phytoestrogens – many plant materials
• Glucosinolates/Goitrogens – thyroid disruption (rapeseed)
• Tannins – seed coats
• Phytic acid – legumes
• Others
• Gossypol – (cottonseed)
• Cyclopropene fatty acids (sterculic and malvalic acids) - cottonseed
• Glycoalkaloids – potatoes, PPC
• Arginase inhibitors –soybean, sunflower
• Can be reduced by processing
• Heat – especially proteins (enzyme inhibitors etc.)
• Production of concentrates – especially non-proteins10
Development of salmon feed composition in
Norwegian salmon farming from 1990 to 2013
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65.4
33.5
24.819.5 18.3
24.0
31.1
16.6
11.2 10.9
22.2
35.5
36.736.7
12.5
18.3 19.2
9.611.2 8.4
11.1 11.2
1.0 2.0 2.2 3.1 3.7
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1990 2000 2010 2012 2013
Diet composition (%) 1990-2013
microingredients
starch
plant oil
plant protein
marine oil
marine protein
Ytrestøyl et al., 2015
Norwegian Salmon Feeds – Ingredients 2010 ���� 2012/3
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Development of protein-rich and starch-rich fractions from faba beans for salmon and terrestrial animal production, respectively
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Innovate UK (TSB)
Call: Sustainable Protein ProductionProject 101096
Beans4Feeds - Funding & Timescales
� A four-year £2.6m project � Industry led co-funded project� £1.3m from Innovate UK
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The Consortium
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Beans4Feeds - StrategyDomestically grown faba beans
Simple processing with Air Classification (AC)- product grinding & cyclone
Protein concentrate (BPC) Starch concentrate (BSC)
Development new bean varieties
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Replace imported SPC in salmon feeds
Replace wheat & imported soybean meal in pig &
poultry feeds
Project benefits
� Locally sourced feed ingredient� Reduced imported raw materials, especially soy
protein concentrate (SPC)� Improved salmon aquaculture & pig and poultry
production� Economics� Food security� Sustainability
� Address concerns of SPC supply & deforestation� Nitrogen-fixing ability of beans improve soil quality� Reduction in the use of fossil fuel-based fertilizers
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Workpackages� WP1 Economics & sustainability
� 1.1 Economic sensitivity analysis� 1.2 Life-cycle analysis
� WP2 Work on existing commercial bean production� 2.1 Optimisation of air fractionation� 2.2 Determine expected maximum dietary inclusion in salmon feeds� 2.3 Health and disease responses in salmon� 2.4 Demonstrate high inclusion in market sized salmon� 2.5 Establish nutritional value in pigs and poultry
� WP3 Bean genetic resources� 3.1 Up-scale high protein/low anti-nutritional factor spring beans� 3.2 Survey germplasm for high protein and low anti-nutritional factors� 3.3 Transfer useful traits to winter beans and develop to cultivars� 3.4 Evaluate new varieties, air classification and fish studies
� WP4 Pilot production� WP5 Project management
� 5.1 Management & project meetings� 5.2 Knowledge transfer to industry including farming community� 5.3 Compiling interim & final reports
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Project
Partners
Activities
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� Lead partner - Provide leadership, support and guidance to ensure the original aims of the project are fulfilled
� Manage a screening study with salmon parr investigating a wide range of BPC inclusion replacing SPC and fishmeal
� Manage a post-smolt salmon study to define the optimal inclusion levels of BPC
� Manufacture test quantities of BPC and SPC to understand the trade-offs in process yield and throughput
� Evaluate new bean varieties with respect to their suitability for concentrate manufacture and use in salmon feeds
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• Carry out detailed economic analysis of factors affecting commercialisation of bean concentrates, including production costs, CAPEX evaluations and the value of BPC compared to fishmeal and SPC in commercial salmon feeds
• Investigate LCA of salmon feeds containing BPC compared to fishmeal and SPC to understand sustainability benefits of BPC
• Manage a large proof of concept trial using BPC asa replacement for fishmeal and SPC in commercial salmon feeds throughout the seawater production cycle
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� Project management (executive)
� Biochemical composition of feeds
� Effects of BPC on biochemical composition of salmon � Proximate compositions (Moisture, oil, protein, ash etc.) and
pigment
� Effects of BPC on salmon biochemistry, physiology and metabolism
� Gene expression determined by transcriptomic (microarray) and qPCR analyses of tissue (liver and intestine) RNA
� Determine sub-clinical effects to support the establishment of maximum dietary inclusion of BPC in salmon feeds
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• Effects of BPC on gut health in salmon
• Histological analysis of intestine – inflammatory response
• Intestinal gene expression (transcriptomics) – immune response
• Effect of BPC on vaccination efficacy and disease challenge
BPC dietsNew diets
Molecular markers vaccination trials
TranscriptomicsGut and systemic immune function
Gut healthMorphological impacts of dietary components
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Effects of BPC on Product Quality in harvest-size salmon (PoC trial)
� Fillet yield� Flesh quality
� Colour (Digital [Paint software] and Roche Colour Score [Salmofan] comparison)
� Texture (tensile strength and firmness)� Gaping (the tendency for unsightly tears to develop
in flesh)
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Faba bean low vicine lines
Variants for protein level and quality
Faba bean agronomy
Improved N-harvest
Purify
Multiply
Field-plot
Salmon trials
Cross to spring
beans
Cross to winter
beans
Select, multiply, propagate
Faba bean germplasm
Sustainable protein production
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Cross
Test
Select
Develop
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Survey existing germplasm
Low ANF
Protein yield
Protein Quality
Application of Bean Starch Concentrate (BSC) for pigs and poultry
� Feedstuff evaluation� Metabolizable energy and ileal AA digestibility (poultry)� Digestible energy, total tract and ileal AA digestibility (pigs)
� Growth performance� Weight gain, intake and feed conversion ratio� BSC for wheat/SBM to identify optimal inclusion level
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� Commercial application of Bean Starch Concentrate (BSC) for
pigs and poultry
• Effects of BSC inclusion on the physical properties of pig
and poultry diets
• Feasibility and economics of including BSC in commercial
pig and poultry diets
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Project Outputs & Dissemination (60+)
� Scientific publications (13+)
� Salmon studies – 7 peer-reviewed papers (4 published, 1 submitted, 2 in prep.)
� Pig & Poultry studies - 2 peer-reviewed papers in preparation
� Bean/crop development --1 Book chapter “in press” and 3+ papers in preparation
� Presentations (30)
� Salmon studies – 8 presentations (4 oral, 4 poster) at International conferences in
UK, Europe, Australia and USA
� Pig & Poultry studies - 3 presentations at international conferences (BSAS / WPSA)
� Bean/crop development – 19 presentations (13 oral and 6 poster) at national and
international conferences/meetings
� Trade Magazines, Other press and media (12+)
� Salmon studies – 5 articles in trade magazines
� Pig & Poultry studies – referred to in many articles
� Bean/crop development – 7 newspaper, magazine and trade press reports
� Policy documents (5)
� Bean/crops – 5 policy related reports and documents
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