Basic Chemistry for Life • _______The amount of

‘stuff’ (matter) in a given area

• _________-the amount of gravitational pull on matter towards the earth

• _______-The mass/volume ratio or how much ‘stuff’ you can pack into a given space. (solid ,liquid or gas) Mr. Ludovice is very dense –concentrated intelligence in a small area.

Inorganic Chemistry

Atom-smallest unit of all matter Protons = + ,1amuNeutrons = none ,1amuElectron = ---, none

Atomic number= # of protonsIsotopes=atoms of the same

element that differ in the number of neutrons

Ex: Cl (37) ; Cl (35) ---Cl (35.45)

ISOTOPES • _______________

______________________________ They usually are radioactive and decay to a non-radioactive form.

• Ex –C12, C14

Solutions

• _________-dissolves something ex. Water

• _________- what is dissolved in a solvent ex. Salt or sugar in water.

Concentrations• _________-the

relative abundance of molecules compared to all the molecules involved. Which picture has a higher solute concentration in the darker blue side ( 1 2 3) ?

_________

• Two or more atoms that are chemically combined.

______________

• sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms-achieve an octet

• Nonpolar & polar ex:

______________

• transfer of electrons between atoms creating ions.

__Van der Waals forces / Hydrogen bonding_______________

• (weak) electrostatic attraction between charged portions of polar molecules. Velcro example-many--stronger

Bonds & strength

• 1-covalent bonds-• 2-Ionic bonds-.• 3-hydrogen bonding / Van Der Waals

forces (weak) electrostatic attraction between charged portions of polar molecules. Velcro example-many--stronger

Properties of water

• -__________________________________________Effective polar solvent

• Denser as a liquid compared to a solid-open structure

• _______________– is hydrophilic-dissolves non-ionic polar molecules (hydrophobic-non-polar ,neutral)

Arrangement of water and ice• This is the different

structure of ice and water. Notice the arrangement of the molecules. Which one floats in the other and why?

PH Scale

• Ph scale measures the concentrations of H+ ions in a solution. The higher the H+ concentration, the more acidic the solution.

Life and chemical reactions• Interaction of molecules

between proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and water. Making and breaking of chemical bonds, now this is living. Every chemical reaction requires an input of energy= activation energy (ATP’s)

_______________- Structure = function

• _______________ have the same chemical formulas but different structural configurations, and thus different functions

• Glucose/galactose/ fructose

Hormone isomers and effects• How similar are

these hormones? Do they have the same effect?

CARBOHYDRATES_______________

____________________Elements=CHO

• 3 forms that are isomers-glucose, galactose, fructose . These isomers taste different.

• (Structure = function)

CARBOHYDRATES_______________

• Examples of dehydration synthesis

• ___________=glucose+ fructose

• ___________=glucose+ glucose

• ___________=glucose+ galactose

CARBOHYDRATESStorage _______________

• Storage carbohydrates• Starch-plant storage in

potato cells

Cellulose-plant structural

Animal _______________

• _______________-animal storage in liver

• _____________-animal structural exoskeleton

• Chitin

• Animal Carbohydrate

LIPIDS

• ________________• CH3(CH2)nCOOH

Elements=CH very little O

Structural cell components _____________-basic unit of the cell membrane

Globules of lipids, or body fats, cluster in a fibrous, pre-fat cell (shown in orange, left) and appear greatly expanded in a bulging mature fat cell on the right. Understanding lipid chemistry makes inroads to individualized medicine.

Saturated vs Unsaturated

• _____________make the difference

_____________

• Long hydrocarbon chain .Because of the structure they are nonpolar (they repel water).

• Storage of energy• Good insulator for

your nerves (MS.)

Triglycerides (1 gram=9cal.)

_____________• STRUCTURAL-

Enzymes-Hormones-Transport

• Building blocks- _____________

• Elements-CHON (S) (P)

• ____________amino acids R=functional group

Polypeptide chain

• _____________bonds are formed between amino acid molecules

• A polypeptide chain = a protein (Dehydration synthesis)

Protein primary structure

• Series of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds C~N

• Ex. Plasminogen is a human blood clotting protein

Sickle cell disease• Normal Red Blood

Cell vs. Sickle cell disease due to an incorrect amino acid substitution.

Secondary structure

• Arrangements make a difference

• ALPHA helix –keratins in skin

fibrous proteins-nails, hooves, horns

Collagen -1/3 of the bodies protein-tendons/ligaments

beta pleated sheath-side/side scales, claws, spider webs beaks

Tertiary structure

• tertiary structure-with different types of bondings

• Globular proteins, antibodies, myoglobin

Enzymes

Quaternary structure

• Quaternary structure Two or more are better than one.

• Hemoglobin-2 alpha, 2 beta –central iron atoms

• Keratin –skin, hair

CATALYSTS BREAK RULESOrganic catalysts are enzymes

• Unchanged, speed up reaction rates, but keep reaction temperature constant

• _____________- usually end in ‘ase’, ex.-lipase, amylase, maltase, peptidase.specific-work on specific reactions or substrates, (compound that is being worked upon).

Enzymes are reusable, but you need many different types because there Are many different reactions in the body.

Enzymes operate in a narrow temperature and PH range and can be ‘denatured’.

Frog face or Moth?

Yeast/lactose demo

_____________: “lock & key” model also induced fit model

• Enzymes lower activation energy so reactions occur quicker

_____________

–like certain vitamins (B’s) aid in enzyme efficiency

____________________

____________________

_________________• Giant molecules in the

nucleus that instruct the cell on what to do.

• DNA & RNA – function in heredity.

• DNA- records information

• RNA- copies information

• Both are comprised of Nucleotides-