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Basic Chemistry for Life _______The amount of ‘stuff’ (matter) in a given area _________-the...
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Transcript of Basic Chemistry for Life _______The amount of ‘stuff’ (matter) in a given area _________-the...
Basic Chemistry for Life • _______The amount of
‘stuff’ (matter) in a given area
• _________-the amount of gravitational pull on matter towards the earth
• _______-The mass/volume ratio or how much ‘stuff’ you can pack into a given space. (solid ,liquid or gas) Mr. Ludovice is very dense –concentrated intelligence in a small area.
Inorganic Chemistry
Atom-smallest unit of all matter Protons = + ,1amuNeutrons = none ,1amuElectron = ---, none
Atomic number= # of protonsIsotopes=atoms of the same
element that differ in the number of neutrons
Ex: Cl (37) ; Cl (35) ---Cl (35.45)
ISOTOPES • _______________
______________________________ They usually are radioactive and decay to a non-radioactive form.
• Ex –C12, C14
Solutions
• _________-dissolves something ex. Water
• _________- what is dissolved in a solvent ex. Salt or sugar in water.
Concentrations• _________-the
relative abundance of molecules compared to all the molecules involved. Which picture has a higher solute concentration in the darker blue side ( 1 2 3) ?
_________
• Two or more atoms that are chemically combined.
______________
• sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms-achieve an octet
• Nonpolar & polar ex:
______________
• transfer of electrons between atoms creating ions.
__Van der Waals forces / Hydrogen bonding_______________
• (weak) electrostatic attraction between charged portions of polar molecules. Velcro example-many--stronger
Bonds & strength
• 1-covalent bonds-• 2-Ionic bonds-.• 3-hydrogen bonding / Van Der Waals
forces (weak) electrostatic attraction between charged portions of polar molecules. Velcro example-many--stronger
Properties of water
• -__________________________________________Effective polar solvent
• Denser as a liquid compared to a solid-open structure
• _______________– is hydrophilic-dissolves non-ionic polar molecules (hydrophobic-non-polar ,neutral)
Arrangement of water and ice• This is the different
structure of ice and water. Notice the arrangement of the molecules. Which one floats in the other and why?
PH Scale
• Ph scale measures the concentrations of H+ ions in a solution. The higher the H+ concentration, the more acidic the solution.
Life and chemical reactions• Interaction of molecules
between proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and water. Making and breaking of chemical bonds, now this is living. Every chemical reaction requires an input of energy= activation energy (ATP’s)
_______________- Structure = function
• _______________ have the same chemical formulas but different structural configurations, and thus different functions
• Glucose/galactose/ fructose
Hormone isomers and effects• How similar are
these hormones? Do they have the same effect?
CARBOHYDRATES_______________
____________________Elements=CHO
• 3 forms that are isomers-glucose, galactose, fructose . These isomers taste different.
• (Structure = function)
CARBOHYDRATES_______________
• Examples of dehydration synthesis
• ___________=glucose+ fructose
• ___________=glucose+ glucose
• ___________=glucose+ galactose
CARBOHYDRATESStorage _______________
• Storage carbohydrates• Starch-plant storage in
potato cells
Cellulose-plant structural
Animal _______________
• _______________-animal storage in liver
• _____________-animal structural exoskeleton
• Chitin
• Animal Carbohydrate
LIPIDS
• ________________• CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Elements=CH very little O
Structural cell components _____________-basic unit of the cell membrane
Globules of lipids, or body fats, cluster in a fibrous, pre-fat cell (shown in orange, left) and appear greatly expanded in a bulging mature fat cell on the right. Understanding lipid chemistry makes inroads to individualized medicine.
Saturated vs Unsaturated
• _____________make the difference
_____________
• Long hydrocarbon chain .Because of the structure they are nonpolar (they repel water).
• Storage of energy• Good insulator for
your nerves (MS.)
Triglycerides (1 gram=9cal.)
_____________• STRUCTURAL-
Enzymes-Hormones-Transport
• Building blocks- _____________
• Elements-CHON (S) (P)
• ____________amino acids R=functional group
Polypeptide chain
• _____________bonds are formed between amino acid molecules
• A polypeptide chain = a protein (Dehydration synthesis)
Protein primary structure
• Series of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds C~N
• Ex. Plasminogen is a human blood clotting protein
Sickle cell disease• Normal Red Blood
Cell vs. Sickle cell disease due to an incorrect amino acid substitution.
Secondary structure
• Arrangements make a difference
• ALPHA helix –keratins in skin
fibrous proteins-nails, hooves, horns
Collagen -1/3 of the bodies protein-tendons/ligaments
beta pleated sheath-side/side scales, claws, spider webs beaks
Tertiary structure
• tertiary structure-with different types of bondings
• Globular proteins, antibodies, myoglobin
Enzymes
Quaternary structure
• Quaternary structure Two or more are better than one.
• Hemoglobin-2 alpha, 2 beta –central iron atoms
• Keratin –skin, hair
CATALYSTS BREAK RULESOrganic catalysts are enzymes
• Unchanged, speed up reaction rates, but keep reaction temperature constant
• _____________- usually end in ‘ase’, ex.-lipase, amylase, maltase, peptidase.specific-work on specific reactions or substrates, (compound that is being worked upon).
Enzymes are reusable, but you need many different types because there Are many different reactions in the body.
Enzymes operate in a narrow temperature and PH range and can be ‘denatured’.
Frog face or Moth?
Yeast/lactose demo
_____________: “lock & key” model also induced fit model
• Enzymes lower activation energy so reactions occur quicker
_____________
–like certain vitamins (B’s) aid in enzyme efficiency
____________________
____________________
_________________• Giant molecules in the
nucleus that instruct the cell on what to do.
• DNA & RNA – function in heredity.
• DNA- records information
• RNA- copies information
• Both are comprised of Nucleotides-