Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 1

Managerial Economics in a Global Economy, 5th Edition

byDominick Salvatore

Chapter 2

Optimization Techniquesand New Management Tools

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 2

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q

TR

2.1 Metode dlm MenggambarkanHubungan Ekonomi

Persamaan : TR = 100Q - 10Q2

Tabel:

Grafik:

Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6TR 0 90 160 210 240 250 240

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 3

2.2 Total, Average, danMarginal Cost

Q TC AC MC0 20 - -1 140 140 1202 160 80 203 180 60 204 240 60 605 480 96 240

AC = TC/Q

MC = TC/Q

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 4

Total, Average, danMarginal Cost

0

60

120

180

240

0 1 2 3 4Q

TC ($)

0

60

120

0 1 2 3 4 Q

AC, MC ($)AC

MC

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 5

Keterangan Grafik• TC: Biaya Total : TFC + TVC• Kurva AC berbentuk huruf U, mula-mula turun,

kemudian naik

• MC berbentuk huruf U, ditunjukkan oleh kemiringan kurva TC, mencapai titik terendah pd

tkt output yg lebih rendah dr AC.• Bila MC lebih rendah dr AC AC turun• Bila MC lebih besar dr AC AC naik• MC = AC pd titik terendah AC

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 6

2.3 Analisis Optimisasi

a. Dgn Pendekatan TR dan TC

Q TR TC Profit0 0 20 -201 90 140 -502 160 160 03 210 180 304 240 240 05 250 480 -230

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 7

Profit Maximization dg pendekatan TR- TC

0

60

120

180

240

300

0 1 2 3 4 5Q

($)

MC

MR

TC

TR

-60

-30

0

30

60

Profit

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 8

Keterangan Grafik

• Pada saat laba max, kemiringan kurva TR=TC dan MR =MC, sehingga kurva TR dan Tc sejajar dan jarak kurva tersebut terbesar, yang menunjukkan laba max.

• Pada saat laba / rugi mencapai max, kemiringan kurva laba menjadi nol.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 9

Optimisasi dg analisis Marginal

• Keuntungan max dicapai saat MR = MC

$ MC

MR

Q

Q

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 10

2.4 Kalkulus Diferensial: Turunan dan Aturan Diferensiasi

Apabila TR=Y,dan Q=X, turunan Y thd X (derivative of Y with respect to X) adalah:

Dibaca : Turunan Y terhadap X adalah sama dengan limit dari rasio , utk mendekati nol.

Berhubungan dg kemiringan kurva, pd titik dimana kita ingin menemukan limit tersebut.

0limX

dY Y

dX X

/y X X

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 11

Aturan2 DiferensiasiDiferensiasi : Proses menentukan turunan suatu fungsi,yi menemukan perubahan Y sbg akibat perubahan X

1. Constant Function Rule:

Turunan fungsi konstan, Y = f(X) = a, adalah nol utk semua nilai

( )Y f X a

0dY

dX

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 12

2. Aturan fungsi pangkat / Power-Function Rule

( ) bY f X aX

1bdYb aX

dX

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 13

3. Aturan utk penjumlahan dan pengurangan

( )U g X ( )V h X

dY dU dV

dX dX dX

Y U V

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 14

4. Aturan utk Perkalian/ Product-Rule

( )U g X ( )V h X

dY dV dUU V

dX dX dX

Y U V

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 15

5. Aturan utk Pembagian

( )U g X ( )V h X UY

V

2

dU dVV UdY dX dXdX V

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 16

6.Aturan utk fungsi dr fungsi (aturan rantai – Chain-Rule)

( )U g X( )Y f U

dY dY dU

dX dU dX

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 17

Optimization With Calculus

Find X such that dY/dX = 0

Second derivative rules:

If d2Y/dX2 > 0, then X is a minimum.

If d2Y/dX2 < 0, then X is a maximum.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 18

New Management Tools

• Benchmarking

• Total Quality Management

• Reengineering

• The Learning Organization

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 19

Benchmarking

• Menemukan dengan cara terbuka dan jujur, bagaimana perusahaan lain dapat mengerjakan sesuatu dengan lebih baik.

• Ada 2 syarat yang menentukan keberhasilan benchmarking:– Memilih satu proses yang spesifik yang akan

diperbaiki dan mengidentifikasi perusahan-perusahaan lain yang dapat mengerjakan proses tersebut dengan lebih baik

– Mengirimkan utusan pembanding yang terdiri dari orang-orang yang dapat membuat perubahan

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 20

Total Quality Management

• Secara konstan memperbaiki kualitas produk dan proses perusahaan sedemikian rupa sehingga secara konsisten memberikan nilai kepuasan yang semakin meningkat kepada pelanggan.

• Ada 5 syarat demi berhasilnya program TQM

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 21

• CEO Perusahan harus secara tegas dan nyata mendukung program tersebut

• Harus secara jelas menunjukkan bagaimana program tsb menguntungkan pelanggan dan perusahaan

• Harus mempunyai beberapa tujuan strategis yang jelas

• Harus memberikan hasil dalam waktu singkat

• Harus dibuat khusus untuk perusahaan tertentu

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 22

Reengineering

• Proses reengineering ini berusaha mereorganisasi perusahaan secara keseluruhan.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright ©2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Slide 23

Other Management Tools

• Broadbanding

• Direct Business Model

• Networking

• Pricing Power

• Small-World Model

• Virtual Integration

• Virtual Management