Post on 24-Jun-2022
ATTAINMENTTARGETSPHYSICSJAMESBOSWELLEXAM(JULY2018)
DomainB.Waves
Presumedknown:Thecandidatecan:
- Designanduseanumericmodel1.
Thecandidateknows:
- Amodellanguageforacomputermodelinmodelrulesorinagraphicrepresentation;- Thefollowingphenomena:
o sound;o echo;
- Thefollowingrelationships:o therelationshipbetweentheamplitudeofanoscillogramandthesoundstrengthof
theregisteredtone;o therelationshipbetweenthefrequencyofanoscillogramandthepitchofthe
registeredtone.
SubdomainB1.Informationtransfer
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanusethecharacteristicsofvibrationsandwavestoanalyseandexplain,amongotherthings,informationtransferindifferentcontexts.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. analyseandgraphicallyrepresent,•bymeansofanumericmodelshowtherelationshipbetweenthephysicalrequirementforaharmonicvibration(forceproportionaltoandintheoppositedirectionofthedisplacement)anditsmathematicaldescription(sinefunction);•subjectconcepts:period,reducedphase,phasedifference;
2. makecalculationsonthenaturalfrequencyofaspring-masssystem,•subjectconcepts:naturalfrequency,resonance;
3. analyseandgraphicallyrepresentwavephenomena,•subjectconcepts:reducedphase,phasedifference,propagatingwave,propagationspeed,soundspeed,lightspeed,transverse,longitudinal;
4. analysetherelationshipbetweenthewavelengthandthelengthofthevibratingmedium,•subjectconcepts:node,antinode,fundamental,overtone;•atleastinthecontextof:musicalinstruments;
5. determinefromdisplacement-timeanddisplacement-positiongraphsthephysicalcharacteristics(seespecifications1and3)ofvibrationsandwaves,•atleastinthecontextof:cardiogram;
1Presumedknownfromtheschoolexam(subdomainI2).
6. describeinformationtransferbetweenasenderandreceiver2,•subjectconcepts:radiowave,carrierwave,amplitudemodulation,digitalcoding,samplefrequency,bandwidth,channelseparation,bit,datatransferrate;•atleastinthecontextof:telecommunications(TV,radio,telephone).
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
,not:calculatetifuhasbeengiven
SubdomainB2.Medicalimaging
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecandescribecharacteristicsofionisingradiationandtheeffectsofthisradiationonhumansandtheenvironment.Thecandidateisalsoabletodescribeandanalysemedicalimagingtechniquesbymeansofphysicalprinciplesandelaborateonthediagnosticfunctionoftheseimagingtechniques.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. describeemission,propagation,andabsorptionofelectromagneticradiation•subjectconcepts:absorption,emission,electromagneticwave,photon;
2. namethedifferenttypesofionisingradiation,theircharacteristics,andhowthesearegenerated,aswellastherisksthesekindsofradiationposetohumansandtheenvironment,andmakecalculationswith(equivalent)dose,•calculateanddeterminetheactivityatagiventimefroman(N,t)graph;•writetheequationforanuclearreaction;•subjectconcepts:radiationsource,radioactivedecay,isotope,nucleus,proton,neutron,electron,atomicmassunitionisingandpenetratingpower,range,X-rays,α,βandγradiation,cosmicradiation,backgroundradiation,irradiation,contamination,effectivetotalbodilydoseinrelationtoradiationprotectionnorms,dosemeter;•atleastinthecontextof:nucleardiagnosticmedicine,radiationprotection;
3. solveproblemsinwhichthehalf-lifetimeorhalf-valuethicknessplaysarole,•subjectconcepts:penetrationcurve,half-lifecurve;•atleastinthecontextof:medicaldiagnostics;
4. describemedicalimagingtechniquesbymeansoftheirbackgroundinphysics,namethe(dis)advantagesofthesetechniquesandgivereasonsforchoosingaparticulartechniqueina
2Candidatesarenotexpectedtobeabletoflexiblyapplytheknowledgeregardingthisspecification.
givensituation.•imagingtechniques:X-rayimage,CTscan,MRIscan,PETscan,echography,andnucleardiagnostics;•backgroundsinphysics:half-valuethicknessofhumantissues,magneticfieldandresonance,annihilation,creationofanelectron-positronpair,ultrasonicsoundwave,speedofsoundinhumantissues,absorption,transmission,reflection,tracer.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
DomainC.Motionandinteraction
Presumedknown:Thecandidatecan:•makesimplecalculationswiththefollowingformula:
Thecandidateknows:•thefollowingphenomena: -thestructureofoursolarsystem:Sun,moon,andplanets;•thefollowingsubjectconcept: -energystorage.
SubdomainC1.Forceandmotion
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanqualitativelyandquantitativelyanalyseandexplaintherelationshipbetweenforceandchangesinmotionincontextsbyusingNewton’slaws.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. makecalculationsonuniformlinearmotions;2. determinecharacteristicsofmotionsbyusingposition-timegraphsandvelocity-timegraphs,
•recognisethefollowingmotions:uniformlinearmotion,uniformlyaccelerated/deceleratedmotion,freefall,fallingobjectwithairresistance;
•determinetheaveragevelocityfromanposition-timegraph;•determinethevelocityatagiventimefromanposition-timegraph,usingtheinsightthatthevelocityisthetime-derivativeofposition.•determinethe(gravitational)accelerationatagiventimefromanposition-timegraph,usingtheinsightthattheaccelerationisthederivativeofvelocitytotime;•determinethedisplacementandtheaveragevelocityfromavelocity-timegraphusingthesurface;
3. analyseforcesworkingonasystembothbymeansofavectordrawingasbyusingtrigonometricrelations,amongwhichthecombininganddecomposingintocomponentsanddeterminingthesizeandordirectionofforces.•forces:gravity,slidingfrictionforce,rollingresistanceforce,airresistanceforce,normalforce,tensionforce,muscleforce,springforce;
4. explainandapplyNewton’sfirstlaw,•subjectconcept:inertia;
5. explainandapplyNewton’ssecondlaw;6. explainandapplyNewton’sthirdlaw,
•subjectconcepts:actionforce,reactionforce,weight;7. onthebasisofananalysisofforces,chooseasuitablenumericmodelforamotionanduse
themodeltoanalysethemotion.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
s=vt,vbeingconstant
𝑣!" =∆!∆!𝑎!" =
∆!∆!
𝐹! = 𝑚𝑔𝐹! = 𝐶𝑢
𝐹!,!"# = !!
𝜌𝑐!𝐴𝑣!
𝐹!,!,!"# = 𝑓𝐹!
SubdomainC2.Energyandinteraction
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanusetheconceptsofconservationofenergy,efficiency,work,andheattodescribeandanalyseenergyconversionsincontexts.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. makecalculationsregardingforce,displacement,work,velocity,andpower,•determinetheworkfromaforce-displacementgraph;
2. analyseenergyconversionsinmotions,•applythelawofconservationofenergyandtherelationbetweenworkandkineticenergy;•atleastthemotions:freefall,fallingmotionwithfriction,verticalthrow,vibration,andbouncingmotion;•energies:kineticenergy,potentialenergy,energyinaspring,chemicalenergy,heat;•subjectconcepts:potentialenergy,(positiveandnegative)work,frictionwork,periodicmotion;•atleastinthecontexts:energyconsumptionandreductionintraffic,movinghumans.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
𝐸! = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝐸! = !!𝐶𝑢!
Σ𝐸!" = Σ𝐸!"#
𝜂 = !!"#$!%!!"
= !!"#$!%!!"
SubdomainC3.Gravity
AttainmenttargetsThecandidatecananalyseandexplainmotionsbymeansofthegravitationalinteractioninthecontextoftheuniverse.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. analyseacircularmotionwithconstantvelocity,•makecalculationsonacentripetalforceonlyinsituationsinwhichonlyasingleforcetakesontheroleofthecentripetalforce;•subjectconcepts:orbitalperiod,radius,velocity;
2. analysemotionsofobjectsinagravitationalfieldbymeansofthegravitationalforceandthegravitationalenergy,•bymeansofanumericmodelanalysethemotionsofplanets,comets,andotherheavenly
bodies;•applytherelationshipbetweentheescapevelocityandthemassandradiusofaheavenlybody;•explainhowthegravitationalaccelerationattheplanetsurfacedependsonthemassandtheradiusoftheplanet;•subjectconcepts:gravitationalinteraction,ellipticalpath,geostationarypath;•atleastinthecontexts:moon,planet,satellite.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
𝐹!" = 𝑚𝑣!
𝑟
DomeinD.Chargeandfield
Presumedknown:Thecandidatecan:•drawandinterpretelectricalcircuits.
Thecandidateknows:•thefollowingsubjectconcepts: -conductor,insulator.
SubdomainD1.Electricalsystems
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecananalyseelectricalcircuitsincontextbyusingKirchoff’slaws.Inaddition,thecandidatecananalyseenergyconversions.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. explainthephenomenonofelectriccurrentasadisplacementofchargeasaresultofvoltage.•usethedefinitionsofcurrentintensity,voltage,andspecificresistance;•subjectconcepts:freeelectron,ion,elementarycharge,voltagesource,battery;
2. applyKirchoff’slawsaslawsfortheconservationofcurrentintensityinapointandofvoltageinacircuit;
3. analyseelectricalcircuitsandmakecalculationsforseriesandparallelcircuitsforvoltage,currentintensity,resistance,andconductivity,•inmixedcircuitsonlyreasoningandmakingsimplecalculations3;•applythecorrectwayofconnectinganammeterandavoltmeter;
3Asimplecalculationisacalculationofatmaximumtwothoughtleaps.
•applythefollowingcomponentsinacircuit:diode,LDR,NTC,PTC,ohmresistor,lamp,motor,heatingelement,fuse,residual-currentdevice;•subjectconcepts:currentdivision,voltagedivision,shortcircuit;
4. analysethepowerandefficiencyofenergyconversionsinanelectricalcircuit,•calculationsonelectricalenergyinjouleandinkilowatt-hour;•atleastinthecontexts:lightsourcesanddevicesinthehome(incandescentbulb,energy-savingbulb,LED,electromotor,heatingelement,andkWh-meter),energyconsumption,energyreduction.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
Forapointinacircuit:
Foracurrentcircuit:
Foraseriescircuit:
Foraparallelcircuit:
𝜂 = !!"#$!%!!"
= !!"#$!%!!"
SubdomainD2.Electricandmagneticfields
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecandescribe,analyseandexplainelectromagneticphenomenaincontextswiththehelpofelectricandmagneticfields.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. describeanelectricfieldasaresultofthepresenceofanelectriccharge,•determinethedirectionoftheelectricfield;•subjectconcepts:repellingandattractingelectricforce,homogeneousandradialelectricfield,fieldline;
2. applytherelationshipbetweenvoltageandkineticenergytoachargedparticleinahomogeneouselectricfield,•useelectricalenergyasasourceofpotentialenergy;•explaintheelectronvoltunit;•atleastinthecontexts:X-raytube,linearaccelerator;
3. describeamagneticfieldasaresultofthepresenceofmovingamovingelectriccharge,•determinethedirectionofthemagneticfieldforapermanentmagnet,astraightelectricwire,andacoil;•subjectconcepts:uniformandnon-uniformmagneticfield,fieldline,electromagnet;•atleastinthecontext:geomagneticfield;
4. describetheeffectofamagneticfieldonanelectriccurrentandonamovingcharge,•determinethesizeanddirectionoftheLorentzforce;•atleastinthecontexts:electromotor,loudspeaker;
5. analyseelectromagneticinductionphenomenaindifferentsituations,•usethedefinitionofflux;•applytheinsightthattheinductionvoltageislinearlyproportionaltothenumberofturnsandthefluxchangespertimeunit;•atleastinthefollowingsituations:amovingmagnetinacoilandaturningsingle-turnwirecoilinauniformmagneticfield;•atleastinthecontexts:dynamo,microphone.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
DomainE.Radiationandmatter
SubdomainE2.Electromagneticradiationandmatter
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecandescribeandexplain(inastrophysicalandothercontexts)theinteractionbetweenradiationandmatterbymeansoftheconceptsatomspectrum,absorption,emission,andradiationenergy.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. describeandapplyBohr’satommodel,•determinewavelengthsandfrequenciesofspectrallinesfromenergyleveldiagrams;•explainabsorptionandemissionspectra;•subjectconcepts:photon,groundstate,excitedstate,ionisationenergy;
2. analysestarlight,•useaHertzsprung-Russelldiagramtoclassifystarsbasedontemperature,totalradiationcapacity,andsize;•analysetheradialvelocityofstarsbymeansofthespectrum;•decidewhetherelementsarepresentinstarsbasedonthespectrum;•subjectconcepts:Fraunhoferline,redshift,blueshift;
3. describeandapplytherelationshipbetweentheemittedwavelengthsandthetemperature,•applyWien’slaw;•subjectconcepts:Planckspectrum,continuousspectrum;•atleastinthecontexts:incandescentbulbs,stars;
4. explainhowastar’sperceivedintensityonearthisrelatedtothetotalradiationcapacityofthestarandthedistancetothestar,•applyStefan-Boltzmannlaw;•subjectconcept:solarconstant;•atleastinthecontext:Sun;
5. describehowinthetotalspectrumofelectromagneticradiationobservationsoftheuniversearemadefromtheearthandfromspace,•describethedifferentaspectsoftheelectromagneticspectrumandthecharacteristicsofthesetypesofradiation;gammaradiation,X-radiation,ultraviolet,(visible)light,infrared,radiowaves,microwaves;•instruments:opticaltelescope,radiotelescope,spacetelescope.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
𝐼 = !!"#$%&!!!!
𝑃!"#$%& = 𝜎𝐴𝑇!
DomainF.Quantumworld
SubdomainF1.Quantumworld
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanapplythewave-particledualityandtheHeisenberg’sindeterminacyrelationincontexts,andexplainthequantisationofenergylevelsinafewexamplesbymeansofasimplequantumphysicsmodel.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. namelightasawavephenomenonandexpoundonthis,•explaininwhichsituationsdiffractionoflightwavesoccurs;•explainanintensitypatternintermsofconstructiveanddestructiveinterference;
2. applythewave-particledualitytoexplaininterferencephenomenaforelectromagneticradiationandmatterparticles;•makecalculationswiththedeBrogliewavelength;•describethedouble-slitexperimentandexplainwhatitmeans;•subjectconcepts:probability,probabilitydensity;•atleastinthecontext:electronmicroscope;
3. usethephotoelectriceffecttoshowsthatelectromagneticradiationisquantised,•subjectconcepts:photon,workfunction,energyquantum;
4. describequantumphenomenaintermsoftheconfinementofaparticle,•estimatewhetherquantumphenomenacanbeexpectedbycomparingthedeBrogliewavelengthwiththeorderofmagnitudeoftheconfinementoftheparticle;•applyHeisenberg’sindeterminacyrelation;•describethequantummodelofthehydrogenatomandcalculatethepossibleenergiesofthehydrogenatom;•describethequantummodelofaparticleinaone-dimensionalenergywellandcalculatethepossibleenergiesoftheparticle;•subjectconcepts:Bohrradius,zero-pointenergy;
5. describethequantumtunnellingeffectbymeansofasimplemodelandindicatehowtheprobabilityoftunnellingdependsonthemassoftheparticleandtheheightandwidthoftheenergybarrier,•atleastinthecontexts:ScanningTunnelingMicroscope(STM),alphadecay.
Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:
DomainH.Naturallawsandmodels
AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanrecognise,name,andapplyfundamentalprinciplesandlawsofphysicsinexamplesthatfallwithinthesubdomainsofthecentralexamination.Thecandidateisalsoabletouseamodelandjudgethelimitsoftheapplicabilityandreliabilityofacertainmodelforaphysicalphenomenon.
SpecificationThecandidatecan:
1. recognise,name,andapplyfundamentalprinciplesandlawsofphysicsinexamplesthatfitthespecificationsofthevwodomainsfromthissyllabus4,•principles:universality,scaleindependency,thinkinginorderofmagnitudes,analogy;•laws:lawsofconservations,Newton’slaws,lawofsquares;•subjectconcepts:naturallaw,naturalconstant,relationship,equation;
2. useexamplesthatfitthespecificationsofthevwodomainsfromthissyllabustocommentonhowtheconceptofthemodelisusedinphysicsandtojudgethelimitsoftheapplicabilityandreliabilityofacertainmodelforaphysicalphenomenon,•applytheinsightthatamodelisasimplifiedmodelofrealityandrelatethistothelimitedapplicabilityofthemodel;•makeadistinctionbetweenaconceptualmodel,ascalemodel,anumericmodel,andacomputermodel;•subjectconcept:iterativeprocess;
3. recognisemodelstructuresincomputermodelsandstudyandcommentonthebehaviourofthesemodelstructures.Inaddition,onthebasisofexamples,explainwherelimitsofpredictabilitystemfrom.•modelstructures:decayandgrowth(1storder),oscillationsandmotions(2ndorder);•subjectconcepts:calculatingcapacity,stepsize,initialcondition.
4Thismeansthatthecandidatehassufficientoverviewoftheentireschoolexaminationmatterandcancombinesubjectsfromthedifferentdomains.Thisspecificationisemphaticallynotmeantasanexpansionofthesubjectmatterwithnewknowledge.
SubdomainG1
Biophysics
soundandhearing
Thecandidatecan:
1. Makecalculationswiththefrequencyandwavelengthofsoundandwithinterferencephenomenaofsound:- describetherelationshipbetweenfrequency,wavelength,andspeedofsound- usetheconceptof“pathdifference”ininterference
2. Makecalculationswithecholocationandechographywithsound:- describetheprincipleofecholocation- makecalculationswiththeDopplereffect
Thefollowingformulasarepartofthesespecifications:
v=𝜆f,Δ𝜑=Δs/𝜆
moments
Thecandidatecancalculateforcesusingthelawofmoments.
Specification:
Thecandidatecan:
1. explainhowleverswork:- theconceptlineofactionofaforce- applicationofmoments- comparisonoftheworkoftheappliedforces
2. calculateforcesusingthelawofthelever:
- centreofmassaspointofapplicationoftheforceofgravity- momentsinthecontextofthehumanbody
Thefollowingformulasarepartofthesespecifications:
M=F∙r,ΣM=0
SubdomainE1
Characteristicsofsubstancesandmaterials
Presumedtobeknown:
Thecandidatecan:makesimplecalculationswiththefollowingformula:
ρ=m/V
Thecandidateknowsthefollowingsubjectconcepts:
- molecule,atom
Thecandidatecandescribeandexplainthephysicalcharacteristicsofsubstancesandmaterialsincontextusingatomicandmolecularmodels.
Specification
Thecandidatecan:
1. usethemolecularmodelofmattertoexplainphasesandphasetransitions,subjectconcepts:gas,liquid,solid,melt,freeze,evaporate,condense,sublimate;
2. explainheattransportusingmattermodels,explaintherelationshipbetweentheheatflowandthethermalconductivityofasubstanceandperformsimplecalculationsonheatflow;subjectconcepts:conductivity,convection,radiation;
3. describetemperaturechangesinasubstanceasaresultoftheinfloworoutflowofheat,describetemperatureintermsofmovementofparticlesandexplainthatthereisanabsolutezero,specificheatcapacityassubstancecharacteristic,convertfromdegreesCelsiustoKelvinandtheotherwayaround;linearandcubiccoefficientofexpansion;
4. describetheconceptofthermalconductivity;5. interpretstress-straincurvesintermsofelasticandplasticdeformationandperformcalculations
onelasticdeformations,subjectconcept:tensilestrength.6. explainmacroscopicphenomenabyusingthecharacteristicsandinteractionofmoleculesand
applytheidealgaslaw.7. makecalculationswiththelawsofrefractionandreflection:
a. makingadrawingofthelightpath,mirrorimageb. angleofincidence,angleofrefraction,refractiveindex,colours(dispersion)c. criticalangle,totalreflection
Thefollowingformulasarepartofthesespecifications:
Q=cm∆T Q=C∆T P=λA∆T/d σ=F/A 𝜀=∆l/l0 E=𝜎/𝜀
p=F/A pV=nRT ∆l/l0=𝛼∆T ∆V/V0=𝛾∆T Tkelvin=Tcelcius+273.15
!"# !!"# !
=n,sinicrit=1/n