ATTAINMENTTARGETSPHYSICSJAMESBOSWELLEXAM(JULY2018)

DomainB.Waves

Presumedknown:Thecandidatecan:

- Designanduseanumericmodel1.

Thecandidateknows:

- Amodellanguageforacomputermodelinmodelrulesorinagraphicrepresentation;- Thefollowingphenomena:

o sound;o echo;

- Thefollowingrelationships:o therelationshipbetweentheamplitudeofanoscillogramandthesoundstrengthof

theregisteredtone;o therelationshipbetweenthefrequencyofanoscillogramandthepitchofthe

registeredtone.

SubdomainB1.Informationtransfer

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanusethecharacteristicsofvibrationsandwavestoanalyseandexplain,amongotherthings,informationtransferindifferentcontexts.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. analyseandgraphicallyrepresent,•bymeansofanumericmodelshowtherelationshipbetweenthephysicalrequirementforaharmonicvibration(forceproportionaltoandintheoppositedirectionofthedisplacement)anditsmathematicaldescription(sinefunction);•subjectconcepts:period,reducedphase,phasedifference;

2. makecalculationsonthenaturalfrequencyofaspring-masssystem,•subjectconcepts:naturalfrequency,resonance;

3. analyseandgraphicallyrepresentwavephenomena,•subjectconcepts:reducedphase,phasedifference,propagatingwave,propagationspeed,soundspeed,lightspeed,transverse,longitudinal;

4. analysetherelationshipbetweenthewavelengthandthelengthofthevibratingmedium,•subjectconcepts:node,antinode,fundamental,overtone;•atleastinthecontextof:musicalinstruments;

5. determinefromdisplacement-timeanddisplacement-positiongraphsthephysicalcharacteristics(seespecifications1and3)ofvibrationsandwaves,•atleastinthecontextof:cardiogram;

1Presumedknownfromtheschoolexam(subdomainI2).

6. describeinformationtransferbetweenasenderandreceiver2,•subjectconcepts:radiowave,carrierwave,amplitudemodulation,digitalcoding,samplefrequency,bandwidth,channelseparation,bit,datatransferrate;•atleastinthecontextof:telecommunications(TV,radio,telephone).

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

,not:calculatetifuhasbeengiven

SubdomainB2.Medicalimaging

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecandescribecharacteristicsofionisingradiationandtheeffectsofthisradiationonhumansandtheenvironment.Thecandidateisalsoabletodescribeandanalysemedicalimagingtechniquesbymeansofphysicalprinciplesandelaborateonthediagnosticfunctionoftheseimagingtechniques.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. describeemission,propagation,andabsorptionofelectromagneticradiation•subjectconcepts:absorption,emission,electromagneticwave,photon;

2. namethedifferenttypesofionisingradiation,theircharacteristics,andhowthesearegenerated,aswellastherisksthesekindsofradiationposetohumansandtheenvironment,andmakecalculationswith(equivalent)dose,•calculateanddeterminetheactivityatagiventimefroman(N,t)graph;•writetheequationforanuclearreaction;•subjectconcepts:radiationsource,radioactivedecay,isotope,nucleus,proton,neutron,electron,atomicmassunitionisingandpenetratingpower,range,X-rays,α,βandγradiation,cosmicradiation,backgroundradiation,irradiation,contamination,effectivetotalbodilydoseinrelationtoradiationprotectionnorms,dosemeter;•atleastinthecontextof:nucleardiagnosticmedicine,radiationprotection;

3. solveproblemsinwhichthehalf-lifetimeorhalf-valuethicknessplaysarole,•subjectconcepts:penetrationcurve,half-lifecurve;•atleastinthecontextof:medicaldiagnostics;

4. describemedicalimagingtechniquesbymeansoftheirbackgroundinphysics,namethe(dis)advantagesofthesetechniquesandgivereasonsforchoosingaparticulartechniqueina

2Candidatesarenotexpectedtobeabletoflexiblyapplytheknowledgeregardingthisspecification.

givensituation.•imagingtechniques:X-rayimage,CTscan,MRIscan,PETscan,echography,andnucleardiagnostics;•backgroundsinphysics:half-valuethicknessofhumantissues,magneticfieldandresonance,annihilation,creationofanelectron-positronpair,ultrasonicsoundwave,speedofsoundinhumantissues,absorption,transmission,reflection,tracer.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

DomainC.Motionandinteraction

Presumedknown:Thecandidatecan:•makesimplecalculationswiththefollowingformula:

Thecandidateknows:•thefollowingphenomena: -thestructureofoursolarsystem:Sun,moon,andplanets;•thefollowingsubjectconcept: -energystorage.

SubdomainC1.Forceandmotion

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanqualitativelyandquantitativelyanalyseandexplaintherelationshipbetweenforceandchangesinmotionincontextsbyusingNewton’slaws.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. makecalculationsonuniformlinearmotions;2. determinecharacteristicsofmotionsbyusingposition-timegraphsandvelocity-timegraphs,

•recognisethefollowingmotions:uniformlinearmotion,uniformlyaccelerated/deceleratedmotion,freefall,fallingobjectwithairresistance;

•determinetheaveragevelocityfromanposition-timegraph;•determinethevelocityatagiventimefromanposition-timegraph,usingtheinsightthatthevelocityisthetime-derivativeofposition.•determinethe(gravitational)accelerationatagiventimefromanposition-timegraph,usingtheinsightthattheaccelerationisthederivativeofvelocitytotime;•determinethedisplacementandtheaveragevelocityfromavelocity-timegraphusingthesurface;

3. analyseforcesworkingonasystembothbymeansofavectordrawingasbyusingtrigonometricrelations,amongwhichthecombininganddecomposingintocomponentsanddeterminingthesizeandordirectionofforces.•forces:gravity,slidingfrictionforce,rollingresistanceforce,airresistanceforce,normalforce,tensionforce,muscleforce,springforce;

4. explainandapplyNewton’sfirstlaw,•subjectconcept:inertia;

5. explainandapplyNewton’ssecondlaw;6. explainandapplyNewton’sthirdlaw,

•subjectconcepts:actionforce,reactionforce,weight;7. onthebasisofananalysisofforces,chooseasuitablenumericmodelforamotionanduse

themodeltoanalysethemotion.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

s=vt,vbeingconstant

𝑣!" =∆!∆!𝑎!" =

∆!∆!

𝐹! = 𝑚𝑔𝐹! = 𝐶𝑢

𝐹!,!"# = !!

𝜌𝑐!𝐴𝑣!

𝐹!,!,!"# = 𝑓𝐹!

SubdomainC2.Energyandinteraction

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanusetheconceptsofconservationofenergy,efficiency,work,andheattodescribeandanalyseenergyconversionsincontexts.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. makecalculationsregardingforce,displacement,work,velocity,andpower,•determinetheworkfromaforce-displacementgraph;

2. analyseenergyconversionsinmotions,•applythelawofconservationofenergyandtherelationbetweenworkandkineticenergy;•atleastthemotions:freefall,fallingmotionwithfriction,verticalthrow,vibration,andbouncingmotion;•energies:kineticenergy,potentialenergy,energyinaspring,chemicalenergy,heat;•subjectconcepts:potentialenergy,(positiveandnegative)work,frictionwork,periodicmotion;•atleastinthecontexts:energyconsumptionandreductionintraffic,movinghumans.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

𝐸! = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝐸! = !!𝐶𝑢!

Σ𝐸!" = Σ𝐸!"#

𝜂 = !!"#$!%!!"

= !!"#$!%!!"

SubdomainC3.Gravity

AttainmenttargetsThecandidatecananalyseandexplainmotionsbymeansofthegravitationalinteractioninthecontextoftheuniverse.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. analyseacircularmotionwithconstantvelocity,•makecalculationsonacentripetalforceonlyinsituationsinwhichonlyasingleforcetakesontheroleofthecentripetalforce;•subjectconcepts:orbitalperiod,radius,velocity;

2. analysemotionsofobjectsinagravitationalfieldbymeansofthegravitationalforceandthegravitationalenergy,•bymeansofanumericmodelanalysethemotionsofplanets,comets,andotherheavenly

bodies;•applytherelationshipbetweentheescapevelocityandthemassandradiusofaheavenlybody;•explainhowthegravitationalaccelerationattheplanetsurfacedependsonthemassandtheradiusoftheplanet;•subjectconcepts:gravitationalinteraction,ellipticalpath,geostationarypath;•atleastinthecontexts:moon,planet,satellite.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

𝐹!" = 𝑚𝑣!

𝑟

DomeinD.Chargeandfield

Presumedknown:Thecandidatecan:•drawandinterpretelectricalcircuits.

Thecandidateknows:•thefollowingsubjectconcepts: -conductor,insulator.

SubdomainD1.Electricalsystems

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecananalyseelectricalcircuitsincontextbyusingKirchoff’slaws.Inaddition,thecandidatecananalyseenergyconversions.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. explainthephenomenonofelectriccurrentasadisplacementofchargeasaresultofvoltage.•usethedefinitionsofcurrentintensity,voltage,andspecificresistance;•subjectconcepts:freeelectron,ion,elementarycharge,voltagesource,battery;

2. applyKirchoff’slawsaslawsfortheconservationofcurrentintensityinapointandofvoltageinacircuit;

3. analyseelectricalcircuitsandmakecalculationsforseriesandparallelcircuitsforvoltage,currentintensity,resistance,andconductivity,•inmixedcircuitsonlyreasoningandmakingsimplecalculations3;•applythecorrectwayofconnectinganammeterandavoltmeter;

3Asimplecalculationisacalculationofatmaximumtwothoughtleaps.

•applythefollowingcomponentsinacircuit:diode,LDR,NTC,PTC,ohmresistor,lamp,motor,heatingelement,fuse,residual-currentdevice;•subjectconcepts:currentdivision,voltagedivision,shortcircuit;

4. analysethepowerandefficiencyofenergyconversionsinanelectricalcircuit,•calculationsonelectricalenergyinjouleandinkilowatt-hour;•atleastinthecontexts:lightsourcesanddevicesinthehome(incandescentbulb,energy-savingbulb,LED,electromotor,heatingelement,andkWh-meter),energyconsumption,energyreduction.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

Forapointinacircuit:

Foracurrentcircuit:

Foraseriescircuit:

Foraparallelcircuit:

𝜂 = !!"#$!%!!"

= !!"#$!%!!"

SubdomainD2.Electricandmagneticfields

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecandescribe,analyseandexplainelectromagneticphenomenaincontextswiththehelpofelectricandmagneticfields.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. describeanelectricfieldasaresultofthepresenceofanelectriccharge,•determinethedirectionoftheelectricfield;•subjectconcepts:repellingandattractingelectricforce,homogeneousandradialelectricfield,fieldline;

2. applytherelationshipbetweenvoltageandkineticenergytoachargedparticleinahomogeneouselectricfield,•useelectricalenergyasasourceofpotentialenergy;•explaintheelectronvoltunit;•atleastinthecontexts:X-raytube,linearaccelerator;

3. describeamagneticfieldasaresultofthepresenceofmovingamovingelectriccharge,•determinethedirectionofthemagneticfieldforapermanentmagnet,astraightelectricwire,andacoil;•subjectconcepts:uniformandnon-uniformmagneticfield,fieldline,electromagnet;•atleastinthecontext:geomagneticfield;

4. describetheeffectofamagneticfieldonanelectriccurrentandonamovingcharge,•determinethesizeanddirectionoftheLorentzforce;•atleastinthecontexts:electromotor,loudspeaker;

5. analyseelectromagneticinductionphenomenaindifferentsituations,•usethedefinitionofflux;•applytheinsightthattheinductionvoltageislinearlyproportionaltothenumberofturnsandthefluxchangespertimeunit;•atleastinthefollowingsituations:amovingmagnetinacoilandaturningsingle-turnwirecoilinauniformmagneticfield;•atleastinthecontexts:dynamo,microphone.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

DomainE.Radiationandmatter

SubdomainE2.Electromagneticradiationandmatter

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecandescribeandexplain(inastrophysicalandothercontexts)theinteractionbetweenradiationandmatterbymeansoftheconceptsatomspectrum,absorption,emission,andradiationenergy.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. describeandapplyBohr’satommodel,•determinewavelengthsandfrequenciesofspectrallinesfromenergyleveldiagrams;•explainabsorptionandemissionspectra;•subjectconcepts:photon,groundstate,excitedstate,ionisationenergy;

2. analysestarlight,•useaHertzsprung-Russelldiagramtoclassifystarsbasedontemperature,totalradiationcapacity,andsize;•analysetheradialvelocityofstarsbymeansofthespectrum;•decidewhetherelementsarepresentinstarsbasedonthespectrum;•subjectconcepts:Fraunhoferline,redshift,blueshift;

3. describeandapplytherelationshipbetweentheemittedwavelengthsandthetemperature,•applyWien’slaw;•subjectconcepts:Planckspectrum,continuousspectrum;•atleastinthecontexts:incandescentbulbs,stars;

4. explainhowastar’sperceivedintensityonearthisrelatedtothetotalradiationcapacityofthestarandthedistancetothestar,•applyStefan-Boltzmannlaw;•subjectconcept:solarconstant;•atleastinthecontext:Sun;

5. describehowinthetotalspectrumofelectromagneticradiationobservationsoftheuniversearemadefromtheearthandfromspace,•describethedifferentaspectsoftheelectromagneticspectrumandthecharacteristicsofthesetypesofradiation;gammaradiation,X-radiation,ultraviolet,(visible)light,infrared,radiowaves,microwaves;•instruments:opticaltelescope,radiotelescope,spacetelescope.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

𝐼 = !!"#$%&!!!!

𝑃!"#$%& = 𝜎𝐴𝑇!

DomainF.Quantumworld

SubdomainF1.Quantumworld

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanapplythewave-particledualityandtheHeisenberg’sindeterminacyrelationincontexts,andexplainthequantisationofenergylevelsinafewexamplesbymeansofasimplequantumphysicsmodel.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. namelightasawavephenomenonandexpoundonthis,•explaininwhichsituationsdiffractionoflightwavesoccurs;•explainanintensitypatternintermsofconstructiveanddestructiveinterference;

2. applythewave-particledualitytoexplaininterferencephenomenaforelectromagneticradiationandmatterparticles;•makecalculationswiththedeBrogliewavelength;•describethedouble-slitexperimentandexplainwhatitmeans;•subjectconcepts:probability,probabilitydensity;•atleastinthecontext:electronmicroscope;

3. usethephotoelectriceffecttoshowsthatelectromagneticradiationisquantised,•subjectconcepts:photon,workfunction,energyquantum;

4. describequantumphenomenaintermsoftheconfinementofaparticle,•estimatewhetherquantumphenomenacanbeexpectedbycomparingthedeBrogliewavelengthwiththeorderofmagnitudeoftheconfinementoftheparticle;•applyHeisenberg’sindeterminacyrelation;•describethequantummodelofthehydrogenatomandcalculatethepossibleenergiesofthehydrogenatom;•describethequantummodelofaparticleinaone-dimensionalenergywellandcalculatethepossibleenergiesoftheparticle;•subjectconcepts:Bohrradius,zero-pointenergy;

5. describethequantumtunnellingeffectbymeansofasimplemodelandindicatehowtheprobabilityoftunnellingdependsonthemassoftheparticleandtheheightandwidthoftheenergybarrier,•atleastinthecontexts:ScanningTunnelingMicroscope(STM),alphadecay.

Thefollowingformulasareincludedinthesespecifications:

DomainH.Naturallawsandmodels

AttainmenttargetThecandidatecanrecognise,name,andapplyfundamentalprinciplesandlawsofphysicsinexamplesthatfallwithinthesubdomainsofthecentralexamination.Thecandidateisalsoabletouseamodelandjudgethelimitsoftheapplicabilityandreliabilityofacertainmodelforaphysicalphenomenon.

SpecificationThecandidatecan:

1. recognise,name,andapplyfundamentalprinciplesandlawsofphysicsinexamplesthatfitthespecificationsofthevwodomainsfromthissyllabus4,•principles:universality,scaleindependency,thinkinginorderofmagnitudes,analogy;•laws:lawsofconservations,Newton’slaws,lawofsquares;•subjectconcepts:naturallaw,naturalconstant,relationship,equation;

2. useexamplesthatfitthespecificationsofthevwodomainsfromthissyllabustocommentonhowtheconceptofthemodelisusedinphysicsandtojudgethelimitsoftheapplicabilityandreliabilityofacertainmodelforaphysicalphenomenon,•applytheinsightthatamodelisasimplifiedmodelofrealityandrelatethistothelimitedapplicabilityofthemodel;•makeadistinctionbetweenaconceptualmodel,ascalemodel,anumericmodel,andacomputermodel;•subjectconcept:iterativeprocess;

3. recognisemodelstructuresincomputermodelsandstudyandcommentonthebehaviourofthesemodelstructures.Inaddition,onthebasisofexamples,explainwherelimitsofpredictabilitystemfrom.•modelstructures:decayandgrowth(1storder),oscillationsandmotions(2ndorder);•subjectconcepts:calculatingcapacity,stepsize,initialcondition.

4Thismeansthatthecandidatehassufficientoverviewoftheentireschoolexaminationmatterandcancombinesubjectsfromthedifferentdomains.Thisspecificationisemphaticallynotmeantasanexpansionofthesubjectmatterwithnewknowledge.

SubdomainG1

Biophysics

soundandhearing

Thecandidatecan:

1. Makecalculationswiththefrequencyandwavelengthofsoundandwithinterferencephenomenaofsound:- describetherelationshipbetweenfrequency,wavelength,andspeedofsound- usetheconceptof“pathdifference”ininterference

2. Makecalculationswithecholocationandechographywithsound:- describetheprincipleofecholocation- makecalculationswiththeDopplereffect

Thefollowingformulasarepartofthesespecifications:

v=𝜆f,Δ𝜑=Δs/𝜆

moments

Thecandidatecancalculateforcesusingthelawofmoments.

Specification:

Thecandidatecan:

1. explainhowleverswork:- theconceptlineofactionofaforce- applicationofmoments- comparisonoftheworkoftheappliedforces

2. calculateforcesusingthelawofthelever:

- centreofmassaspointofapplicationoftheforceofgravity- momentsinthecontextofthehumanbody

Thefollowingformulasarepartofthesespecifications:

M=F∙r,ΣM=0

SubdomainE1

Characteristicsofsubstancesandmaterials

Presumedtobeknown:

Thecandidatecan:makesimplecalculationswiththefollowingformula:

ρ=m/V

Thecandidateknowsthefollowingsubjectconcepts:

- molecule,atom

Thecandidatecandescribeandexplainthephysicalcharacteristicsofsubstancesandmaterialsincontextusingatomicandmolecularmodels.

Specification

Thecandidatecan:

1. usethemolecularmodelofmattertoexplainphasesandphasetransitions,subjectconcepts:gas,liquid,solid,melt,freeze,evaporate,condense,sublimate;

2. explainheattransportusingmattermodels,explaintherelationshipbetweentheheatflowandthethermalconductivityofasubstanceandperformsimplecalculationsonheatflow;subjectconcepts:conductivity,convection,radiation;

3. describetemperaturechangesinasubstanceasaresultoftheinfloworoutflowofheat,describetemperatureintermsofmovementofparticlesandexplainthatthereisanabsolutezero,specificheatcapacityassubstancecharacteristic,convertfromdegreesCelsiustoKelvinandtheotherwayaround;linearandcubiccoefficientofexpansion;

4. describetheconceptofthermalconductivity;5. interpretstress-straincurvesintermsofelasticandplasticdeformationandperformcalculations

onelasticdeformations,subjectconcept:tensilestrength.6. explainmacroscopicphenomenabyusingthecharacteristicsandinteractionofmoleculesand

applytheidealgaslaw.7. makecalculationswiththelawsofrefractionandreflection:

a. makingadrawingofthelightpath,mirrorimageb. angleofincidence,angleofrefraction,refractiveindex,colours(dispersion)c. criticalangle,totalreflection

Thefollowingformulasarepartofthesespecifications:

Q=cm∆T Q=C∆T P=λA∆T/d σ=F/A 𝜀=∆l/l0 E=𝜎/𝜀

p=F/A pV=nRT ∆l/l0=𝛼∆T ∆V/V0=𝛾∆T Tkelvin=Tcelcius+273.15

!"# !!"# !

=n,sinicrit=1/n