Post on 13-Apr-2022
Leveraging Energy & Information Infrastructures
Arun Majumdar
Google Confidential and Proprietary
Step 2: Green our
consumption by using
renewable energy Step 3: Offset
what we cannot
eliminate
Step 1: Reduce
energy consumption
through efficiency
100% CARBON NEUTRALITY: 3-STEP PROCESS FOR GETTING THERE
Google Confidential and Proprietary
ATLANTIC WIND CONNECTION
$17M | Oct 2010
PEACE GARDEN
$38.8M | Apr 2010 SHEPHERD’S FLAT
$103M | Apr 2011
BRANDENBURG
$5M | May 2011
BRIGHTSOURCE
$168M | Apr 2011
ALTA WIND ENERGY CENTER
$158M | Jun 2011
RECURRENT
$94M | Dec 2011
CLEAN POWER FINANCE
$75M | Aug 2011
SOLARCITY
$280M | May 2011
OVER $1B IN TWO
YEARS
US Total [Source: EIA]
US Data Centers [Source: J. Koomey (2011)]
Roughly 2%
Scale Age Reliability Security Climate
Energy techno-economics Networking Distributed computing
G G G
Grid
L L L L L L L L
Distributed Load
One-way flow
Tesla Edison
2011 San Diego Blackout
Source: “Tracking the Reliability of the US Electric Power System,” J. Eto, K. Hamachi La Commare, LBNL Report 1092E (2008)
2003 Northeast Blackout
Source: “NYISO Interim Report on August14, 2003 Blackout,” Jan 2004.
$100B lost per year
Lessons Learned?
Not much!
PG&E Metcalf 600kV Substation
Cyber-Physical Security
Boston Marathon Bombing April 15, 2013
• 120 rounds of shots fired at the radiators
of only energized transformers (10-500/230kV; 3-230/115kV)
• >50,000 gallons of cooling oil leaked • Fiber optic & telephone cables cut 15
mins before the shootings – 911 disabled
2am, April 16, 2013
Source: NYC Mayor’s Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability
Averages & Extremes
Hansen, Sato, Ruedy, “Perception of climate change,” PNAS, Aug. 6 (2012)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX16kjY_59E&feature=youtube_gdata
Cumulative CO2 emissions since Industrial Revolution
1,100 Billion Tons
How much more CO2 can we emit based on known fossil fuel reserves?
About 3,000 Billion Tons
75-100 years
Worth $10s of Trillion!!
The Stone Age did not end because we ran out stones Sheikh Ahmed Yamani, former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia
We transitioned to better solutions
Any solutions?
15
Control Infrastructure
A PMU measures
• Current (Hall sensor)
• Frequency (LC Circuit)
• Time (GPS)
• Voltage
• Relative Phase
• Sample 30 msec
• Petabyte-scale data
Improved Sensing Improved Communications
Improved Computation
Grid Connected Router
• Low-latency
• MPLS
• Cyber security
• 100-600 ms for crypto
Distributed computing
• Fast
• Secure
• Resilient
Levelized Cost of Electricity Generation
4-10¢
NGCC
Source: “Sustainable Energy in America 2013 Factbook,” Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Jan (2013)
Future Cost & Grid Integration?
8-14¢
Coal
8-14¢
Nuclear
8-15¢
Geothermal Sunshot
2020
12-18¢
5-12¢
Wind
Distributed & Modular 5 cents/kWh
Solar PV System Cost & Efficiency
Module
Courtesy: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Residential Commercial Utility
Single Junction Theoretical Limit
12,985 MW
725 MW
5,785 MW
1,519 MW
150 MW
Day-Ahead Planning
10-min Spinning Reserve
30-min Reserve
10-min Non-spinning Reserve
Frequency Regulation Reserve
HERE IS A TYPICAL DAY IN NEW ENGLAND (NE-ISO data)
Integrating > 20% is very difficult because of dispatch process and tight frequency tolerance 60 +/- 0.036 Hz
How is Electricity Generation and Use Balanced in Real Time?
Most of it is not real time!
Grid-Scale Storage (GWh Scale)
90Ah 12V battery
Zn-MnO2 Battery Highlights Demonstrated cycles: 2,500 Projected cycles: 5,000 Prototype cost: $300/kWh Cost at scale: <$100/kWh
Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery
Zn-based Battery
Li-ion Flow Battery
Power Electronics
20
8000 lbs, 60 Hz Distribution Transformer
Average Age: 42 years, 2 years beyond projected lifespan
Silicon Carbide IGBT; 15 kV, 100 A; 50 kHz from Cree Inc. Potentially 100 lbs transformer
Li-ion storage cost ($/kWh delivered)
200-400 Wh/kg (cell); 100-200 Wh/kg (pack)
Lead acid (40Wh/kg)
0.20-0.40
0.07-0.20
0.47
SSA
LatAm
China
India
Developed world
Mobile penetration Subscriptions per capita
Wide Bandgap Semiconductor (SiC,
GaN) Power Electronics
300x size reduction in 25W AC-DC
SSL Driver
Techno-Economic Convergence
Networked Distributed Secure Computing
The Stone Age did not end because we ran out stones Sheikh Ahmed Yamani, former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia
We transitioned to better solutions
Better solutions are often disruptive innovations Disruptive potential is difficult to recognize at early stages
(In)Famous Predictions from the Past
“The Americans have need of the telephone, but
we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys.”
Sir William Preece, Chief Engineer, British Post
Office, 1878.
(In)Famous Predictions from the Past
“Radio has no future”
“X-rays will prove to be a hoax.”
“Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible”
Lord Kelvin in 1890s
(In)Famous Predictions from the Past
“Man will not fly for 50 years.”
Wilbur Wright in 1901
(In)Famous Predictions from the Past
“To place a man in a multi-stage rocket and project him into the
controlling gravitational field of the moon where the passengers
can make scientific observations, perhaps land alive, and then
return to earth—all that constitutes a wild dream worthy of Jules
Verne. I am bold enough to say that such a man-made voyage
will never occur regardless of all future advances..”
Lee De Forest, Radio Pioneer and Inventor of Vacuum Tube, Feb.
1957
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
Arthur C. Clarke
Thank You!
“It is hard to predict, especially the future.”
Yogi Berra