Arun%Majumdar% Director,%ARPA4E% · 2013-07-24 · Development for Teachers & Scientists Energy...
Transcript of Arun%Majumdar% Director,%ARPA4E% · 2013-07-24 · Development for Teachers & Scientists Energy...
Thermal Energy Storage
Arun Majumdar Director, ARPA-‐E
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US Energy Diagram
Energy Supply Systems
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Time
Energy Demand
Electricity Hea;ng
Cooling
Power Load
Engine/ Generator
Set
Fuel, FE Electricity, E1
Air Condi;oner
Cooling, C
Waste Heat Waste Heat
Heater/Boiler
Hea;ng, H Fuel, FH
Efficiency ≈ 25-‐45 %
COP ≈ 3 E2
Current System Architecture
Rate of Fuel Use, F = FE + FH
Na;onal Impact of Integrated Energy Supply Systems – Ideal Scenarios
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Today Heat Coming from
Integrated Systems
Heat & Air Condi;oning Coming from
Integrated Systems Buildings Site Electrical Load (Quads)
9 9 7.5
Building Site Heat Load(Quads)
10 18 17
Primary Energy Consump;on (Quads)
9 x 3.2 +10 =
38.8 27 24.5
Primary Energy Saved (Quads)
11.8 (30%) 14.3 (37%)
US Primary Energy Consump;on (Annual) ≈ 100 Quads
Key Issues for Thermal Storage
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• Time ShiQ: Electricity and heat demand do not always coincide
• Storage Time: Minutes to months; Insula;on free(?)
• Discharge Time: Minutes to hours; Heat exchangers systems
• Energy Density: High energy density by mass and volume (kWhr/kg, kWhr/L)
• Low and High: Both low temperature (273-‐320 K) and high temperature (≈1000 K) -‐ minimize exergy loss and control heat transfer rates
• Cost: $/kWhr, $/kW
Today’s Approaches – Sensible Heat
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Q = ΔH = mCp T2 − T1( ) ΔS = mCp lnT2T1
⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟Thermal ;me constant for heat loss
τ = RC =
ρVCp
hA L
ρCp
h⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟ L
ρCp
k b⎛
⎝⎜⎞
⎠⎟
Heat loss barrier is kine;c, not thermodynamic
Water at 25 °C liquid 4.1796 Water at 100 °C liquid 4.2160 Aluminium solid 2.422 Copper solid 3.45 Granite solid 2.17 Iron solid 3.537 Paraffin wax solid 2.325
J/cm3-‐K
Today’s Approaches – Phase Change
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Constant Pressure
ΔG = ΔHHeat Storage inChemical Bonds
− TΔSIncrease inDisorder
During Phase Change at Constant Pressure
ΔG = 0; T =ΔHΔS
Phase Change Materials
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Compound Mel;ng Point [oC]
Enthalpy of Fusion [kJ/kg]
Density of Solid/Liquid [kg/m3]
Boiling Point [oC]
Enthalpy of Vaporiza;on [kJ/kg]
Density of Liquid/Vapor [kg/m3]
Water 0 334 917/1000 100 2,258 958/0.6
Lauric Acid 44 212 1007/862
Paraffin C16–C28 42–44 190 910/765
Na2SiO3.5H2O 48 267 1450/1280
MgCl2-‐6H2O 117 169 1570/1450
KNO3 334 266 2110/
MgCl2 714 452 2140/
NaCl 800 470 2160/
Heat Loss Barrier is Nuclea;on
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ΔG = VΔhHeat Storage inChemical Bonds
− TVΔsIncrease inDisorder
+ γ ASurface Energy
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Can we control barrier for nuclea;on?
Can we achieve insula;on-‐free thermal energy storage?
What else?
Designer Chemical Reac;ons & Systems
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A :B A + B
• High Δh (kJ/mol) • High molar density, ρ (mol/m3) • Low change in density: Δρ/ρ ≈ 0 • Tunable Δs (kJ/mol-‐K) which gives control of storage temperature, Tstor
• Tunable barrier for reverse reac;on o Physical separa1on of A and B o Catalysis
• Low-‐cost of A and B ($/kWhr) • Non-‐toxic and non-‐reac;ve • High thermal effusivity,
Chemistry Challenge
k ⋅ ρ ⋅C
Engineering Challenge
• Short hea;ng and recovery ;me achieved by heat exchanger design & constrained by cost ($/kW)
• Controlled reverse reac;on requires design for rapid mass transfer
An Example of Chemistry-‐Engineering Partnership that Changed the Course of Energy & Environmental History
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Vienna Conven;on for the Protec;on of the Ozone Layer: 1985
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer: Ini;ated Sept. 16, 1987, enacted Jan. 1, 1989.
CFC-12; R-12
Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland, Paul Crutzen – 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Development of HFCs for Air Condi;oning & Refrigera;on
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1,1,1,2-‐Tetrafluoroethane, R-‐134a Started being used in early 1990s
Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009
Science-‐Engineering Partnership for Thermal Energy Storage
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Can we tune and control interplay between ΔH, ΔS, ρ, Δρ, effusivity in the presence of engineering constraints of cost, toxicity, reliability, …. ?
§ Chemical reac;ons ² Gas (hydrogen, methane,…) storage technology for thermal storage ² Binding of gases/liquids with ionic liquids or metalorganic
frameworks (MOFs)
§ Magne;c dipoles § Electric monopoles – ions in solu;on/plasma § Electric dipoles
Integrated Energy Supply Systems: New Systems Architecture
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High Temp. Thermal Bus
Thermal Storage
Absorption Cooler
Low Temp. Thermal Bus
Thermal Storage
H
Heater/Boiler FH
C
Engine/Fuel Cell
Air Conditioner/ Heat Pump
Electrical Storage
Electrical Bus E
FE
Solar/Wind
Power Electronics
Performance Goal: Minimize F by at least 30%
Economic Goal: Payback in 4-‐5 years
Technical Challenge: Opera;ng System (Sosware) & Sensors-‐Actuators (Hardware) for Op;mal Opera;on
Other Applica;ons
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Electric vehicles: Heat generated during batery charging used for hea;ng and air condi;oning of passenger space
Plug-‐in hybrids: Use batery and engine heat during use to heat batery during cold-‐weather startup
Refrigerated trucks and LNG Transport
Grid-‐level electricity storage: High-‐temperature thermal storage + subsequent conversion by engines at < $100/kWhr
Efficient use of heat in carbon capture plants
Nuclear: Heat storage for peak power
Brief Overview of ARPA-‐E Catalyzing Energy Breakthroughs to Secure America’s Future
Official Use Only
Office of the Secretary Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary
Daniel B. Poneman, Deputy Secretary*
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
13 OCT 10
Associate Administrator for Emergency
Operations
Associate Administrator for Management & Administration
Office of the Under Secretary
For Nuclear Security/ Administrator for National Nuclear
Security Administration Thomas P. D’Agostino
* The Deputy Secretary also serves as the Chief Operating Officer
Deputy Administrator for Defense Programs
Deputy Under Secretary for Counter-terrorism
Office of the Under Secretary
Cathy Zoi Acting Under Secretary
Office of the Under Secretary for
Science
Dr. Steven E. Koonin Under Secretary for Science
Office of Science
Chief of Staff
Inspector General
Southwestern Power Administration
Bonneville Power Administration
Western Area Power Administration
Southeastern Power Administration
Legacy Management Assistant Secretary
for Nuclear Energy
Assistant Secretary For Energy Efficiency
And Renewable Energy
Assistant Secretary Electricity Delivery Energy Reliability
Assistant Secretary For Environmental
Management
Civilian Radioactive Waste Management
Assistant Secretary for
Fossil Energy
Advanced Scientific Computing Research
Basic Energy Sciences
Biological & Environmental Research
Fusion Energy Science
High Energy Physics
Nuclear Physics
Workforce Development for
Teachers & Scientists
Energy Information Administration
American Recovery & Reinvention Act Office
Loan Programs Office
Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy
General Counsel
Assistant Secretary for Congressional & Intergov. Affairs
Chief Human Capital Officer
Chief Financial Officer
Assistant Secretary for Policy & International
Affairs
Management
Hearings & Appeals
Health Safety & Security
Chief Information Officer
Public Affairs
Intelligence & Counterintelligence
Economic Impact & Diversity
Associate Administrator for Defense Nuclear
Security
Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear
Nonproliferation
Deputy Administrator for Naval Reactors
Associate Administrator for Infrastructure
& Environment
DOE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Breakthroughs in Technology
Breakthroughs in Science
Breakthroughs in Scaling
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Official Use Only
Reduce Energy-Related Emissions
Improve Energy Efficiency
ARPA-E’s Mission & Means
Reduce Energy Imports
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To overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies.
(A) identifying and promoting revolutionary advances in fundamental sciences; AND
(B) translating scientific discoveries and cutting-edge inventions into technological innovations; AND
(C) accelerating transformational technological advances in areas that industry by itself is not likely to undertake because of technical and financial uncertainty.
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Technology Push – Market Pull
Applied Science and Technology
Inte
grat
ed E
nerg
y S
yste
ms
Market ARPA-E Programs
• $30-40M • 3 years • 10-20 projects (large, seedlings)
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End-Use Efficiency
ARPA-E Programs
Transportation Electrofuels BEEST BEETIT
Stationary Power IMPACCT ADEPT GRIDS
Broad Solicitation
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Building Energy Efficiency Through Innovative Thermodevices (BEETIT)
Source: Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009)
Reduce primary energy consumption by ~ 40 – 50%
Building cooling is responsible for ~5% of US primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions
Tamb = 90 oF, RH = 0.9 Tsupply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5
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180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
COPVapor-compression
Prim
ary
Ene
rgy
Use
(kJ
/kg)
Theoretical limit
Current Systems
Opportunity ARPA-E Target
Today
(MechE, ASU; Intel)
Dr. Ravi Prasher
Official Use Only
High-Efficiency, on-Line Membrane Air Dehumidifier Enabling Sensible Cooling for Warm and Humid Climates
Temperature
Hum
idity
Rat
io
Refrigeration unit
O2 N2 H2O
Adsorption
Diffusion
Desorption
Can potentially beat FOA target by ~50%
Zeolite pore ( 0.3 – 0.4 nm)
Selective transmission of H2O)
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IMPACT If successful, project could have:
• High impact on ARPA-‐E mission areas
• Large commercial applica;on
BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGY Technologies that:
• Do not exist in today’s energy market • Are not just incremental
improvements; could make today’s technologies obsolete
ADDITIONALITY • Difficult to move forward
without ARPA-‐E funding • But able to atract cost share
and follow-‐on funding • Not already being researched
or funded by others
PEOPLE • Best-‐in-‐class people
• Teams with both scien;sts and engineers
• Brings new people, talent and skill sets to energy R&D
What is an ARPA-E Project?
Source Selection Sensitive
ARPA-E DNA: Speed and Efficiency
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Workshop
Internal Debate Further
Refinement
FOA Announced
Proposals Received
Proposals Reviewed in 3 stages
Funding Announcements
Contracting
Program Execution 6-8 Months
Technical Deep Dive
Project Selection
Concept Paper Review
Panel Review of Full Proposals
Proposal Rebuttal Stage
Official Use Only 27
Recrui;ng Program Directors (3-‐4 Years Term)
• Scien;fic and engineering rigor, depth & breadth • Intellectual flexibility to move into new fields
• Crea;vity and openness to new approaches • Span science/engineering and technology development, with understanding of business/markets
• Serve the na;on at a cri;cal ;me and make na;onal/global impact
• Funding level is $30-‐40M per program