Post on 29-Jan-2016
Application of a North America reference frame to the Pacific
Northwest Geodetic Array(PANGA)
M M Miller, V M Santillan, Geodesy Laboratory, Central Washington UniversityD J Johnson, Earth and Space Science, University of Washington
PBO stated requirements:• PBO needs
– “…that plate boundary deformation be adequately characterized over the maximum ranges of spatial and temporal scales common to active continental tectonic processes.”
[ES Facility Proposal]
• How broad is the plate boundary?• Is there a “stable plate interior”?
– to within potential GPS accuracy ~ 0.1 mm/yr– would require accurate modeling of non-tectonic
deformation– If so, where is this stable plate interior?
• PBO will address these questions by– Network design including broad GPS spatial
coverage across North America– Research (SNARF WG)
Frame versus System
• Reference System– Set of conventions
• Reference Frame– Set of coordinates of physical points (stations, quasars…)
consistent with conventions
Reference Frame
• A specific realization of a reference system– consistent with its conventions– based on physical observations
And, in our case
• Selected set of GPS stations– Specified parameters of the station motion model
• Position coordinates at some conventional epoch• Velocity coordinates• Instantaneous coordinate offsets (e.g., co-seismic,…)• or more generally – set of coordinates at many epochs
• Note that the frame depends on– Definition of the reference system, particularly the models– Adopted set of stations– Adopted set of observations leading to parameter estimates
Reference system issues:
• Current reference systems:– Comprise a set of station
positions and linear velocities
– Rely on global minimization of all included velocities
– Stations eliminated as they are compromised
• Compromises abound:– What stations are available
during a given time interval– Trade offs between quality and
quantity of time series– Non-linearity of time series
• Time correlated noise• Periodic events at well understood
frequency (annual and semi-annual effects)
• Periodic events discovered from time series
• Episodic events (earthquake offsets, etc.)
• Changes in rate
Data analysis approach:
• Working assumptions:– ITRF2000 is the point of
entry
– Stabilize to a regionally meaningful reference frame
– To get at North America, GPS definition internal to solution is needed
– Use topography as proxy for deformation (cf Sella’s stable plate)
• Pragmatic considerations:– What stations are available
during a given time interval– Trade offs between quality and
quantity of time series– Non-linearity of time series
• Correlated noise• Episodic events• Other events
– Evolution of analysis strategy– Imperfect error models– Ignore post-glacial effects( and
other non-rigid plate effects)– Until recently, the length/quality
of time series and our ability to manipulate the time series has been the first order control on uncertainty
More on analysis:
• Implementation:– Analysis of sub-networks with
ambiguity resolved, JPL fiducial free products and daily frame files
– Combination by common subset of stations
– Daily solutions stabilized to a set of 42 stations (regional and NA)
– Annual and semi-annual effects removed on case-by-case basis
– Velocity solution derived from this for T>2.3
– Rotation to North America zero motion explicitly solved for each solution
• Results:– A stable, internally consistent
frame approaching tenths of mm resolution
– Useful to regional tectonics– Lots of compromises
Defining North America• Non-equivalence with set of stations included in reference frame
– Stations included vs. stations whose velocity should be minimized.
• North America plate– Presumed rigid
• Reality– Deforming plate margins– Glacial isostatic adjustment– Seasonal jittering within itrf
• Geometric compromises– Glacial models are controversial and differences matter– No land/plate west of the PBO network– Plate affinity of Siberian sites is not certain
• Rays of light– We have a relatively good set of stations with long history to use as a starting point– We can design choices to help constrain glacial models– Knowledgeable investigators can use reference frame for different results– Proposed approach will create powerful tools and a common standard for regional stabilization
Reference system improvements:
• Pragmatically:– Data analysts are well served
by this approach if sufficiently long time series are used and velocities are the goal
– Most investigators have broader goals, especially structure of time series
• Yields:– Position and velocity– Known non-linearity of time series
are either ignored or solved for independent of reference frame
• Time correlated noise• Periodic events at well understood
frequency (annual and semi-annual effects)• Periodic events discovered from time series• Episodic events (earthquake offsets, etc.)• Changes in rate
• PBO/modern requirements:– PBO is aimed to reveal non linear earth
deformation - in this case North America-centric
– Scientific community aims to coordinate with surveying standards (such as NAREF)
– Investigators desire a physically meaningful reference frame
– The absolute vertical is still problematical
• Reality of what’s needed:– Position and linear velocity– Amplitude and phase of annual and
semi-annual components– Conventions for handling other periodic
events, epoch updates, and stations with non-linear velocities
– Agreement on the physically meaningful reference frame
Towards SNARF:
• Frame depends on– Definition of the reference system,
particularly the models– Adopted set of stations– Adopted set of observations leading
to parameter estimates
• Frame definition– Selected set of GPS stations– Specified parameters of the station
motion model• position coordinates at some conventional
epoch• velocity coordinates• Instantaneous coordinate offsets (e.g., co-
seismic,…)• Explicit inclusion of annual and semi-annual
(in the out years)
– or more generally – set of coordinates at many epochs
• Optimized to meet PBO science requirements
– Create a regional stabilization• Plate scale• Regional nets
– Solve for periodic effects• Annual and semi annual• Known periodic and episodic effects
– Reveal the structure of time series
• Transformation to NAREF– Surveying standard in
development– Develop standard tools for
transformation