ANIMAL CELL SHAPES

1. squamous – irregular shape, e.g. cheek cells

2. disc-shaped – coin-like, flattened circles, e.g. mammalian red blood cells

3. spherical/globular – e.g. fat globules

4. oval –e.g. amphibian red blood cells

5. cuboidal –e.g. kidney epithelial cells

6. columnar – tall and rectangular , e.g. epithelial cells lining villi

7. threadlike – e.g. sperm cells

8. cylindrical –e.g. skeletal muscle cells

9. fusiform – elongated, oval cells with tapered ends, e.g. smooth muscle cells

10. stellate – branching, assumes a star-like shape, e.g. neurons

ANIMAL TISSUES

EPITHELIAL TISSUE• serves as body coverings• covers external body parts• lines internal tubes and cavities• functions

• protection• secretion• excretion• lubrication• sensory reception• reproduction

ORGANIZATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES

CONNECTIVE TISSUE• scattered cells in a matrix

HAS MANY DIFFERENT TYPES1. connective tissue proper (CTP)

• dense CTP• tendons – attach muscles to bone• ligament – attach bone to bone

• loose CTP• covers the muscles

• adipose tissue• stores energy in the form of fat

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF DENSE CTP

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF DENSE CTP

2. cartilage• composed of cells (chondrocytes) embedded in

a tough but flexible matrix• matrix contains collagen• for support• serves as the precursor to bone• e.g. nose and ears

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF CARTILAGE (x.s.)

lacuna

chondrocyte

matrix

3. bone• composed of cells (osteocytes) embedded in a

hard matrix• matrix contains calcium phosphate• for support and protection of internal organs

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF BONE (x.s.)

4. vascular • composed of blood and lymph• blood

• transports various substances like oxygen, nutrients and hormones all over the body

• for immunity• lymph

• maintains aqueous condition inside the body

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF BLOOD

MUSCULAR TISSUE

• composed of muscle fibres (protein)

TYPES1. skeletal muscles

• attached to bones• for voluntary/conscious movements • striated or banded

2. smooth muscles• for involuntary/unconscious movements • not striated or banded

3. cardiac muscle• the heart• pumps blood all over the body• striated/banded• involuntary/unconscious

HUMAN MUSCLE TYPES

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

MUSCULAR MOVEMENT

THE SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL

NERVOUS TISSUE

• composed of neurons (nerve cells)

Photomicrograph of nervous tissue Photomicrograph of a neuron

epineurium

fascicle

perineurium

NERVE X.S.

CAT OVARY X.S.

germinal epithelium

follicle

loose connective tissue

When describing slides, take note of the ff:

colour of the staincell shapein tissues, describe the cells’ organization

and arrangementidentify all pertinent structuresif possible, identify functions of labelled

structures