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Anatomy & Anatomy & Physiology IPhysiology IUnit Three Unit Three
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Fluid Mosaic Model of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Fluid Fluid Mosaic Mosaic
Model of Model of the the
Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Substances move from an area Substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationof low concentration
Does not require energy from Does not require energy from the cellthe cell
Substances can move in both Substances can move in both directions, depending on the directions, depending on the concentration gradientconcentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion – same as Facilitated diffusion – same as above, but with the help of above, but with the help of membrane proteinsmembrane proteins
Diffusion – the movement of a Diffusion – the movement of a substance from an area of high substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration concentration
Osmosis – the diffusion of waterOsmosis – the diffusion of water
Substances move from an area of Substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of high concentrationhigh concentration
Does require energy from the cellDoes require energy from the cell
Substances can move in only one Substances can move in only one direction, against the direction, against the concentration gradientconcentration gradient
Sodium/Potassium pump – a Sodium/Potassium pump – a membrane protein that moves membrane protein that moves sodium out, while moving sodium out, while moving potassium inpotassium in
EndocytosiEndocytosiss * * PhagocytosisPhagocytosis * * PinocytosisPinocytosis
ExocytosisExocytosis
OsmosisOsmosisSolute – substance that is dissolved in a Solute – substance that is dissolved in a medium (solvent)medium (solvent)
Solvent – substance (usually liquid) that Solvent – substance (usually liquid) that dissolves a solutedissolves a solute
Solution – mixture of solutes dissolved in Solution – mixture of solutes dissolved in a solventa solventOsmotic pressure is created by the Osmotic pressure is created by the movement of water toward a higher movement of water toward a higher solute concentrationsolute concentration
OsmosisOsmosis
DiffusionDiffusion
OsmosisOsmosisSemipermeable Semipermeable
membranemembrane
OsmosisOsmosis
Animal Cell OsmosisAnimal Cell Osmosis
CrenatedCrenatedLysedLysed
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Plant Cell OsmosisPlant Cell Osmosis
TurgorTurgor
OsmosisOsmosis
Therefore, the higher the solute Therefore, the higher the solute concentration, the higher the osmotic concentration, the higher the osmotic pressurepressure
Many body systems create high solute Many body systems create high solute concentrations so as to produce higher concentrations so as to produce higher osmotic pressureosmotic pressure
OsmosisOsmosis
Edema – the excess collection of Edema – the excess collection of extracellular fluids due to high solute extracellular fluids due to high solute concentrationconcentrationDehydration – the loss of extracellular Dehydration – the loss of extracellular fluids due to various causesfluids due to various causes
Electrolyte FunctionsElectrolyte Functions
The functions of electrolytes The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:are varied and important: + chemically reactive and + chemically reactive and participate in metabolismparticipate in metabolism + determine charge + determine charge difference difference across cell membranesacross cell membranes
Electrolyte FunctionsElectrolyte Functions
The functions of electrolytes The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:are varied and important: + powerfully affect the + powerfully affect the osmolarity of body fluids osmolarity of body fluids and and the body’s water content the body’s water content and and distributiondistribution + form essential minerals+ form essential minerals + regulate acid/base balance+ regulate acid/base balance
Electrolyte ConcentrationsElectrolyte Concentrations
Extracellular fluids (ECF) are Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids of the body found fluids of the body found outside the cellsoutside the cellsIntracellular fluids (ICF) are Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids of the body found inside fluids of the body found inside the cells (cytoplasm)the cells (cytoplasm)
Electrolyte ConcentrationsElectrolyte ConcentrationsNaNa++
(145mEq/L)(145mEq/L)
NaNa++ (12mEq/L)(12mEq/L)
KK++ (4mEq/L)(4mEq/L)
KK++ (150mEq/L)(150mEq/L)
CaCa2+2+ (Hi)(Hi)
CaCa2+2+ (Lo)(Lo)
MgMg2+2+ (Lo)(Lo)
MgMg2+2+ (Hi)(Hi)
HPOHPO443-3-
(Lo)(Lo)
HPOHPO443-3-
(Hi)(Hi)
Electrolyte ConcentrationsElectrolyte ConcentrationsOHOH--
OHOH--
HH++
HH++
HCOHCO33--
(Hi)(Hi)
HCOHCO33--
(Lo)(Lo)
ClCl-- (103mEq/L)(103mEq/L)
ClCl-- (4mEq/L(4mEq/L
))
ICF vs. ECFICF vs. ECF
ICFICF65% of body fluids65% of body fluids
Major electrolytesMajor electrolytesKK++
MgMg2+2+
HPOHPO443-3-
ECFECF35% of body 35% of body
fluidsfluidsMajor Major
electrolyteselectrolytesNaNa++
CaCa2+2+
ClCl--
40L total body 40L total body fluidfluid
ICF vs. ECFICF vs. ECF
26L26L10L10L
3.2L3.2L0.8L0.8L
InterstitialInterstitialFluidsFluids
Blood Blood PlasmaPlasmaLymphLymph OtherOther
Movement of WaterMovement of Water
Fluids are constantly Fluids are constantly exchanged between these exchanged between these compartmentscompartmentsOsmosis occurs across Osmosis occurs across capillary walls and plasma capillary walls and plasma membranesmembranes
Movement of WaterMovement of Water
The movement of the water The movement of the water from one compartment to the from one compartment to the other is determined by solute other is determined by solute concentrationsconcentrations
Movement of WaterMovement of Water
Introducing Fluids Introducing Fluids in the Bodyin the Body
As has been established, As has been established, body cells must maintained in body cells must maintained in isotonic conditionsisotonic conditionsOn an average the solute On an average the solute concentration of body cells is concentration of body cells is 300mosm300mosm
Introducing Fluids Introducing Fluids in the Bodyin the Body
This means on an average, This means on an average, the ECF osmolarity would the ECF osmolarity would also be 300mosmalso be 300mosmThere are exceptions to both There are exceptions to both ICF and ECF osmolaritiesICF and ECF osmolarities
Introducing Fluids Introducing Fluids in the Bodyin the Body
Since a loss of fluids also Since a loss of fluids also means a loss of electrolytes, means a loss of electrolytes, fluid replacement therapy fluid replacement therapy (IVs) may be necessary to (IVs) may be necessary to restore homeostatic restore homeostatic concentrations and volumesconcentrations and volumes
Introducing Fluids Introducing Fluids in the Bodyin the Body
Fluids introduced to the body Fluids introduced to the body must therefore have the same must therefore have the same osmolarityosmolarity > 0.9% normal saline (NS) or > 0.9% normal saline (NS) or physiological saline (PSS)physiological saline (PSS) > D> D55W (dextrose 5% in water) W (dextrose 5% in water) (5% glucose)(5% glucose) > Ringer’s lactate solution> Ringer’s lactate solution
Fluid Fluid BalanceBalance
Balance of body fluids means Balance of body fluids means that fluid intake should equal that fluid intake should equal fluid outputfluid outputIn addition, the fluid gained or In addition, the fluid gained or lost must be added to or lost must be added to or taken from the right taken from the right compartment (ICF or ECF)compartment (ICF or ECF)
Fluid Fluid BalanceBalance
Fluid Fluid BalanceBalance
As has been seen, electrolyte As has been seen, electrolyte concentrations in the different concentrations in the different compartments must also be compartments must also be stringently maintainedstringently maintainedElectrolytes attract water Electrolytes attract water through osmosis, therefore a through osmosis, therefore a loss of fluids results in the loss of fluids results in the loss of electrolytesloss of electrolytes
ICFICF65% of body fluids65% of body fluids
Major electrolytesMajor electrolytesKK++
MgMg2+2+
HPOHPO443-3-
ECFECF35% of body 35% of body
fluidsfluidsMajor Major
electrolyteselectrolytesNaNa++
CaCa2+2+
ClCl--
Fluid & Electrolyte Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceBalance
Fluid Fluid BalanceBalance
The three structures that play The three structures that play the major role in fluid and the major role in fluid and electrolyte balance are:electrolyte balance are: * brain (hypothalamus)* brain (hypothalamus) * kidneys* kidneys * adrenal glands* adrenal glands
Regulation of Regulation of Fluid IntakeFluid IntakeDecreased Decreased
volume of ECFvolume of ECForor
Increased Increased osmolarity of osmolarity of
ECFECF
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Decrease salivaDecrease saliva
Creates thirstCreates thirst
Drink fluidsDrink fluids
Increased Increased volume of ECFvolume of ECF
whichwhichdecreases decreases
osmolarity of osmolarity of ECFECF