Anatomy & Physiology I Unit Three

Anatomy & Anatomy & Physiology IPhysiology IUnit Three Unit Three

Organelles of An animal cellOrganelles of An animal cellaaaaaaa

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Fluid Mosaic Model of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

Fluid Fluid Mosaic Mosaic

Model of Model of the the

Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

Substances move from an area Substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrationof low concentration

Does not require energy from Does not require energy from the cellthe cell

Substances can move in both Substances can move in both directions, depending on the directions, depending on the concentration gradientconcentration gradient

Facilitated diffusion – same as Facilitated diffusion – same as above, but with the help of above, but with the help of membrane proteinsmembrane proteins

Diffusion – the movement of a Diffusion – the movement of a substance from an area of high substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration concentration

Osmosis – the diffusion of waterOsmosis – the diffusion of water

Substances move from an area of Substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of high concentrationhigh concentration

Does require energy from the cellDoes require energy from the cell

Substances can move in only one Substances can move in only one direction, against the direction, against the concentration gradientconcentration gradient

Sodium/Potassium pump – a Sodium/Potassium pump – a membrane protein that moves membrane protein that moves sodium out, while moving sodium out, while moving potassium inpotassium in

EndocytosiEndocytosiss * * PhagocytosisPhagocytosis * * PinocytosisPinocytosis

ExocytosisExocytosis

OsmosisOsmosisSolute – substance that is dissolved in a Solute – substance that is dissolved in a medium (solvent)medium (solvent)

Solvent – substance (usually liquid) that Solvent – substance (usually liquid) that dissolves a solutedissolves a solute

Solution – mixture of solutes dissolved in Solution – mixture of solutes dissolved in a solventa solventOsmotic pressure is created by the Osmotic pressure is created by the movement of water toward a higher movement of water toward a higher solute concentrationsolute concentration

OsmosisOsmosis

DiffusionDiffusion

OsmosisOsmosisSemipermeable Semipermeable

membranemembrane

OsmosisOsmosis

Animal Cell OsmosisAnimal Cell Osmosis

CrenatedCrenatedLysedLysed

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Plant Cell OsmosisPlant Cell Osmosis

TurgorTurgor

OsmosisOsmosis

Therefore, the higher the solute Therefore, the higher the solute concentration, the higher the osmotic concentration, the higher the osmotic pressurepressure

Many body systems create high solute Many body systems create high solute concentrations so as to produce higher concentrations so as to produce higher osmotic pressureosmotic pressure

OsmosisOsmosis

Edema – the excess collection of Edema – the excess collection of extracellular fluids due to high solute extracellular fluids due to high solute concentrationconcentrationDehydration – the loss of extracellular Dehydration – the loss of extracellular fluids due to various causesfluids due to various causes

Electrolyte FunctionsElectrolyte Functions

The functions of electrolytes The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:are varied and important: + chemically reactive and + chemically reactive and participate in metabolismparticipate in metabolism + determine charge + determine charge difference difference across cell membranesacross cell membranes

Electrolyte FunctionsElectrolyte Functions

The functions of electrolytes The functions of electrolytes are varied and important:are varied and important: + powerfully affect the + powerfully affect the osmolarity of body fluids osmolarity of body fluids and and the body’s water content the body’s water content and and distributiondistribution + form essential minerals+ form essential minerals + regulate acid/base balance+ regulate acid/base balance

Electrolyte ConcentrationsElectrolyte Concentrations

Extracellular fluids (ECF) are Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids of the body found fluids of the body found outside the cellsoutside the cellsIntracellular fluids (ICF) are Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids of the body found inside fluids of the body found inside the cells (cytoplasm)the cells (cytoplasm)

Electrolyte ConcentrationsElectrolyte ConcentrationsNaNa++

(145mEq/L)(145mEq/L)

NaNa++ (12mEq/L)(12mEq/L)

KK++ (4mEq/L)(4mEq/L)

KK++ (150mEq/L)(150mEq/L)

CaCa2+2+ (Hi)(Hi)

CaCa2+2+ (Lo)(Lo)

MgMg2+2+ (Lo)(Lo)

MgMg2+2+ (Hi)(Hi)

HPOHPO443-3-

(Lo)(Lo)

HPOHPO443-3-

(Hi)(Hi)

Electrolyte ConcentrationsElectrolyte ConcentrationsOHOH--

OHOH--

HH++

HH++

HCOHCO33--

(Hi)(Hi)

HCOHCO33--

(Lo)(Lo)

ClCl-- (103mEq/L)(103mEq/L)

ClCl-- (4mEq/L(4mEq/L

))

ICF vs. ECFICF vs. ECF

ICFICF65% of body fluids65% of body fluids

Major electrolytesMajor electrolytesKK++

MgMg2+2+

HPOHPO443-3-

ECFECF35% of body 35% of body

fluidsfluidsMajor Major

electrolyteselectrolytesNaNa++

CaCa2+2+

ClCl--

40L total body 40L total body fluidfluid

ICF vs. ECFICF vs. ECF

26L26L10L10L

3.2L3.2L0.8L0.8L

InterstitialInterstitialFluidsFluids

Blood Blood PlasmaPlasmaLymphLymph OtherOther

Movement of WaterMovement of Water

Fluids are constantly Fluids are constantly exchanged between these exchanged between these compartmentscompartmentsOsmosis occurs across Osmosis occurs across capillary walls and plasma capillary walls and plasma membranesmembranes


The movement of the water The movement of the water from one compartment to the from one compartment to the other is determined by solute other is determined by solute concentrationsconcentrations

Introducing Fluids Introducing Fluids in the Bodyin the Body

As has been established, As has been established, body cells must maintained in body cells must maintained in isotonic conditionsisotonic conditionsOn an average the solute On an average the solute concentration of body cells is concentration of body cells is 300mosm300mosm


This means on an average, This means on an average, the ECF osmolarity would the ECF osmolarity would also be 300mosmalso be 300mosmThere are exceptions to both There are exceptions to both ICF and ECF osmolaritiesICF and ECF osmolarities


Since a loss of fluids also Since a loss of fluids also means a loss of electrolytes, means a loss of electrolytes, fluid replacement therapy fluid replacement therapy (IVs) may be necessary to (IVs) may be necessary to restore homeostatic restore homeostatic concentrations and volumesconcentrations and volumes


Fluids introduced to the body Fluids introduced to the body must therefore have the same must therefore have the same osmolarityosmolarity > 0.9% normal saline (NS) or > 0.9% normal saline (NS) or physiological saline (PSS)physiological saline (PSS) > D> D55W (dextrose 5% in water) W (dextrose 5% in water) (5% glucose)(5% glucose) > Ringer’s lactate solution> Ringer’s lactate solution

Fluid Fluid BalanceBalance

Balance of body fluids means Balance of body fluids means that fluid intake should equal that fluid intake should equal fluid outputfluid outputIn addition, the fluid gained or In addition, the fluid gained or lost must be added to or lost must be added to or taken from the right taken from the right compartment (ICF or ECF)compartment (ICF or ECF)


As has been seen, electrolyte As has been seen, electrolyte concentrations in the different concentrations in the different compartments must also be compartments must also be stringently maintainedstringently maintainedElectrolytes attract water Electrolytes attract water through osmosis, therefore a through osmosis, therefore a loss of fluids results in the loss of fluids results in the loss of electrolytesloss of electrolytes

ICFICF65% of body fluids65% of body fluids

Major electrolytesMajor electrolytesKK++

MgMg2+2+

HPOHPO443-3-

ECFECF35% of body 35% of body

fluidsfluidsMajor Major

electrolyteselectrolytesNaNa++

CaCa2+2+

ClCl--

Fluid & Electrolyte Fluid & Electrolyte BalanceBalance


The three structures that play The three structures that play the major role in fluid and the major role in fluid and electrolyte balance are:electrolyte balance are: * brain (hypothalamus)* brain (hypothalamus) * kidneys* kidneys * adrenal glands* adrenal glands

Regulation of Regulation of Fluid IntakeFluid IntakeDecreased Decreased

volume of ECFvolume of ECForor

Increased Increased osmolarity of osmolarity of

ECFECF

HypothalamusHypothalamus

Decrease salivaDecrease saliva

Creates thirstCreates thirst

Drink fluidsDrink fluids

Increased Increased volume of ECFvolume of ECF

whichwhichdecreases decreases

osmolarity of osmolarity of ECFECF

Anatomy & Physiology I Unit Three

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