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Analysis and Comparison on The Photovoltaic Analysis and Comparison on The Photovoltaic Versus Siam Solar Dish System for Implication Versus Siam Solar Dish System for Implication
to Thailand Softto Thailand Soft--land and Poor Insolation land and Poor Insolation Nature .Nature .
The 12th International Stirling Engine Conferences 2005 Durham University, School of Engineering
United KingdomSeptember 7 – 9, 2005
EngEng’’rr SuravutSuravut, SNIDVONGS, SNIDVONGSNaraesuan University, Naraesuan University, PhitsanulokPhitsanulok, Thailand., Thailand.
ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION FOUNDATIONASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION FOUNDATION
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Research By:Research By: EngEng’’rr SuravutSuravut, SNIDVONGS, EIT, SNIDVONGS, EITSupervisor:Supervisor: Dr. Dr. SirinuchSirinuch, CHINDARUKSA, CHINDARUKSACo Supervisors:Co Supervisors: Dr. Dr. ChavalitChavalit, THISAYAKORN, IEEE, EIT, THISAYAKORN, IEEE, EIT
Dr. Dr. WattanapongWattanapong, RAKWICHIAN, RAKWICHIANDr. Dr. VichitVichit, YAMBOONRUNG, PTT, YAMBOONRUNG, PTTDr. Dr. MathaneeMathanee, SANGUANSERMSRI, SANGUANSERMSRI
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ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ASIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
AND PROMOTION FOUNDATIONAND PROMOTION FOUNDATION
ObjectivesObjectives
1.1. Promote renewable energy to people by set up exhibition, trainiPromote renewable energy to people by set up exhibition, training, ng, explaining.explaining.
2. Support researchers, students, poor people for educations2. Support researchers, students, poor people for educations, experiments, , experiments, researchers and developments.researchers and developments.
3. Not involved with politics.3. Not involved with politics.4. Corporate with foundations inside and outside Thailand.4. Corporate with foundations inside and outside Thailand.
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211/2 V.S.S Bldg, 211/2 V.S.S Bldg, RatchadaphisekRatchadaphisek Rd., DinRd., Din--DaengDaeng, Bangkok, 10310, Thailand email , Bangkok, 10310, Thailand email airscan@turbo.cscoms.comairscan@turbo.cscoms.com
Tel 662 276 7908Tel 662 276 7908--9 Fax 662 276 79139 Fax 662 276 7913
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ContentsContents
1. Introduction2. Location and Physical Characteristic3. Climate4. Solar Radiation Data5. System Specifications6. Components Specifications7. System Comparison8. Pictures9. Summary
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IntroductionIntroductionThis paper is one part of the dissertation development research project on the
Solar Thermal Dish Stirling system for a 10 kW power plant with lead acid battery storage, named “Siam Solar Dish I” research project.
Due to the sharp economic growth rate in Thailand for more than a few decades continuingly from the past, has thus forced Thailand’s electricity demand to climb very sharply to the present. By the year 2010, it has been projected that close to 35,000 MWt will be required to meet the eletricity needs of Thailand’s economy. This prediction has been prepared by Electrical Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Presently, Thailand has installed an over all power plant capacity at 22,000 MWt from year 1997 where Peak Demand were merely 17,000 MWt Current Consumption Increasing Rate forecasted by EGAT are to be:
1. Prediction during I.M.F period 4 %/yr2. Actual demand during I.M.F period 8 %/yr3. Prediction during sound economy 16 %/yr
The Salawin Hydro Power Plant could be completed in the next 50 years under heavy investment problems encountered on both parties, Thailand and Burma.
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Location and Physical Characteristics
Figure 1. Map of ThailandSource: Meteorological Department, Thailand
Thailand, centrally located in the Indochina Peninsula, is one of the most developed and wealthiest countries in Southeast Asia.
It is bordered by Cambodia and Laos on the east, Laos and Myanmar on the north, Myanmar on the west and Malaysia and Gulf of Thailand on the south. It is bounded between 50 40’ and 200 30’ North latitudes and 900 70’and 1050 45’ East longitudes (Fig. 1).
The total area of Thailand is 513,115 sq. Kms.
Physiographical, the country has been divided into six regions viz. Central plain, Southeast coast, Northeast plateau, Central highlands, North and West continental highlands and Peninsular Thailand.
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ClimateClimateThailand has a tropical monsoon climate; temperatures normally range
from an average annual high of 38 ºC to a low of 19 ºC. Southwest monsoons that arrive between May and July (except in the
South) signal the advent of the rainy season, which lasts into October. November and December mark the onset of the dry season. Temperatures begin to climb in January, and a hot sun parches the landscape.
The dry season is shortest in the South because of the proximity of the sea to all parts of the Malay Peninsula. With only minor exceptions, every area of the country receives adequate rainfall, but the duration of the rainy season and the amount of rain vary substantially from region to region and with altitude.
The Northeast experiences a long dry season, and its red, porous (laterite) soils retain water poorly, which limits their agricultural potential.
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Solar Radiation DataLatitude 14.08 N, Longitude 100.62 E
Month Year Diffuse MJ/ m2 Direct MJ/ m2 Total MJ/ m2
Jun 2003 8.89 12.81 18.63
Jul 2003 8.34 10.26 16.22
Aug 2003 9.56 8.78 16.85
Sept 2003 9.44 6.81 16.00
Oct 2003 7.29 11.97 17.94
Nov 2003 6.16 15.87 19.66
Dec 2003 5.22 17.67 19.71
Jan 2004 5.96 13.31 17.27
Feb 2004 6.54 14.81 19.07
Mar 2004 8.21 12.46 19.07
Apr 2004 7.42 15.48 19.72
May 2004 7.90 9.67 15.90
Jun 2004 8.92 8.33 15.51
Jul 2004 10.02 8.94 17.47
Aug 2004 9.74 8.56 17.56
Sep 2004 8.74 7.61 15.77Source:Meteorological Station, Energy Laboratory, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand [8]
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Solar Insolation of Thailand
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month
MJ/
m2
Diffuse
Direct
Total
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PARABOLIC DISH WITH 2 - AXISES TRACKER
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TEMPERATURE MORE THAN 600 C
Temperature tested at focus point through a stagnation
temperature test with no heatSource: AREF, Thailand, April 2003.
The parabolic dish easily reach the temperature 550 ºC or more.Source: AREF, Thailand, April 2003.
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Solar Dish at Naraesuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Stirling Engine 10 kW at Naraesuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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System Specifications
Dish StructureType Delta TrussDiameter (m) 8.4Number of Sections 64Maximum Wind Load (Km/hr) 160Normal Working Wind Load (Km/hr) 65Life Load (Kg/m2) 50Service Load (Kg/m2) 15Engine Load (Kg) 300Foundation Type Concrete
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System Specifications
Solar Concentrator
Type Fixed focus facets
Area 55 m2
Number of Facets 64
Reflective Surface 0.5 mm Aluminum MIRO-SUN
Reflective < 95 %
System Height (m) 10
Dish Diameter (m) 8.4
Focus 4 m
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Stirling Engine
Type Double-Acting, Kinematics Stirling Engine
Working Gas Helium/ Nitrogen/ Air
Max. Expansion space gas temp 600 C (+/- 5 C)
Compression space gas temp 40 – 80 C (+/- 5 C)
Thermal Efficiency 40 %
Power Control Variable Pressure
No. of Cylinders 4
Means Pressure 0.25, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 MPa
Maximum Pressure 2.5 Mpa
Engine Displacement, cc. 1300 x 4
Bore, mm. 150
Stroke, mm. 50
Speed, rpm 500 - 1500
Cooling type Oil Cooling
Output Power 10.5 kW
Receiver Direct Illumination
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Tracking System
Tracking System H-Bridge 2 axis
Power to Track 0.746 x 2 Kw
Speed Control Mitsubishi Inverter
Gear Ratio 1:7200
Motor speed 900 rpm
Generator
Type Asynchronous alternator
Voltage 3 Ø 380 V 50 Hz
Poles 6
R.P.M 900
Efficiency 95 %
Power Generate 10 kW
Solar Dish/Stirling System
Average Solar Insolation in Thailand 500 W/m2
Availability (W/m2) Whenever the sun exceeds 200
Peak Power 10 kW
Target Peak Efficiency 20 %
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System Characteristics and Specifications of ADDSCharacteristics and Specifications Mod 1
Overall Diameter (m) 8.8
Focus (m) 5.448
Mirror projected area (m2) 64
Elevation Tracking range -20 to 84 degrees
Elevation & Azimuth Drive Speed 38 degrees/min
Tracking structure weight 1,275 kg
Pedestal & Azimuth Drive Assy. 831 kg
SOLO 161 Weight 455 kg*
Foundation and (aperture) weight 3,320 kg (71.55 kg/m2)
Operation Wind Up to 56 km/hr
Operating Temperature Range -29 ºC to 50 ºC
Operating Humidity 100 %
Survival Wind any dish Attitude Up to 80.5 km/hr
Survival Wind at stow position Up to 145 km/hr
Survival humidity 100 %
Site conditions Windy, Rain, Hot* Includes PCU and mounting facilities.Source: The Advanced Dish Development System Project, Proceeding of Solar Forum 2001, Solar Energy, April 21-25, 2001, Washington, DC.
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Component Specifications
Descriptions Materials ReasonsPower Piston Aluminum Light weight, easy to machine, low pricePower Piston Seal Synthetic
RubberStronger, Withstand friction, low price
Piston Rod Arc chrome Steel
Hardened, Withstand friction, reasonable Price
Power Piston Housing Stainless No Rust, High Pressure, easy to machine, low price
Engine Base Steel Easy to machine, very low priceSwash Plate Steel Easy to machine, very low price, strongEngine Shaft Steel Easy to machine, very low price, strongCooler Bronze Good heat transfer, reasonable priceDisplacer end Aluminum Light weight, easy to machine, low price
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Component Specifications
Displacer Stainless High Temperature, easy to machine, low price
Displacer seal Teflon Low Temperature, good lubricate with out oil
Regenerator Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Displacer Housing Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Heater Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Piston Rod Seal Synthetic Rubber
Stronger, Withstand friction, low price
Solar Cavity Stainless High Temperature, easy to find, low price
Fly Wheel Steel Good mass, easy to find, low price
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Gross system output of the “Siam Solar Dish System” on December 2004, projected from a 4x 5 kW electric heater tests as data to predict for Solar test
mode.
Power Output VS Insolation
02468
1012141618
0 250 500 750 1000Solar Insolation (W/m2)
Pow
er O
utpu
t (kW
)
Design ValueTest Value
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Stirling Engine at AREF laboratory
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005-03-31
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Actual construction costs for small solar thermal dish Stirling 10 kW system with lead acid battery.
Descriptions Bht US $
Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00
Foundation 250,000.00 6,250.00
Space Frame Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00
Reflector Material 60,000.00 1,500.00
Tracking System 150,000.00 3,750.00
Stirling Engine 400,000.00 10,000.00
Generator 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00
Control System 100,000.00 2,500.00
Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00
Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00
Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00
Total 1,560,000.00 39,000.00
/kWe 156,000.00 3,900.00
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Actual construction costs for single crystalline photovoltaic 10kW systems with lead acid battery.
Descriptions Bht US $Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00Foundation 50,000.00 1,250.00Steel Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00Single Crystalline Photovoltaic 10 kW 2,000,000.00 50,000.00Charge Controller System 150,000.00 3,750.00Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00Total 2,750,000.00 68,750.00/ kWe 275,000.00 6,875.00
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Actual construction costs for single crystalline photovoltaic 10 kW systems with lead acid battery.
Descriptions Bht US $Designing Fee 100,000.00 2,500.00Foundation 50,000.00 1,250.00Steel Structure 200,000.00 5,000.00Single Crystalline Photovoltaic 10 kW 2,000,000.00 50,000.00Charge Controller System 150,000.00 3,750.00Lead Acid Battery 60 kW 150,000.00 3,750.00Inverter System 10 kW 50,000.00 1,250.00Wiring System 50,000.00 1,250.00Total 2,750,000.00 68,750.00/ kWe 275,000.00 6,875.00
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005 Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Operating Costs and Production Costs/ kWh for solar thermal dish Stirling 10 kW
with lead acid battery for 10 years period in Thailand.
Descriptions Bht/ kWh US $/ kWhPower Plant Cost 1.78 0.0445Operation Cost 10 % * 0.178 0.0044Inflation 7 %* 0.125 0.0031Interested 15 %* 0.27 0.0067Maintenance Cost 15 %* 0.27 0.0067Electrical Cost 2.62 0.0655
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005, *Thai’s standard Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Operating Costs and Production Costs/ kWh for Single CrystallinePhotovoltaic 10 kW with lead acid battery
for 10 years period in Thailand.
Descriptions Bht/ kWh US $/ kWhPower Plant Cost 3.02 0.0755Operation Cost 10 %* 0.30 0.0075Inflation 7 %* 0.21 0.0053Interested 15 %* 0.45 0.0113Maintenance Cost 30 %* 0.91 0.0227Electrical Cost 4.89 0.1223
Notes: 1 US Dollar = 40 Baht, March 2005, *Thai’s standard Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Solar dish power technology projected cost.
Descriptions US $Power Plant Cost / kW 2,900O&M / kWh 0.02LEC year 2000 - 2010 / kWh 0.086- 0.13 to 0.04-0.06
Source: Sun Lab DOE/GO-10098-563, April 1998 [14]
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Comparison between PV versus Solar Dish 10 kW power plant for 24 hrs/dayoperation with lead acid battery in Thailand
Descriptions Solar Dish Stirling Photovoltaic
Land Area m2 120.00 120.00
Operation Area m2 50.00 100.00
Hour of Operation/ year 8,760.00 8,760.00
Efficiency % 25.00 10.00
Battery Efficiency % 60.00 60.00
Inverter Efficiency % 95.00 95.00
Total Efficiency 14.25 8.55
Cost / kWe 156,000.00 275,000.00
Electric Price B/ kWh 2.62 4.89
Technology 90 % made in Thailand High Technology, just assembly in Thailand
Production energy same same
Stand Alone Unit same same
Energy receiver Direct Diffuse
Method of conversion Concentration Non- Concentration
Direct Pollution Impact None None
Indirect Pollution Impact Some SomeSource: Frequently Asked Question about Solar Cells NSTDA, [16] and AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Energy capture by PV versus Solar Dish with same land area
Diffuse Direct
MJ/ m2 kWh/ m2 MJ/ m2 kWh/ m2
Jun 8.89 2.47 0.21 12.81 3.56 0.50Jul 8.34 2.32 0.20 10.26 2.85 0.41Aug 9.56 2.66 0.23 8.78 2.44 0.35Sep 9.44 2.62 0.22 6.81 1.89 0.27Oct 7.29 2.03 0.17 11.97 3.33 0.47Nov 6.16 1.71 0.15 15.87 4.41 0.63Dec 5.22 1.45 0.12 17.67 4.91 0.70Jan 5.96 1.66 0.14 13.31 3.70 0.53Feb 6.54 1.82 0.16 14.81 4.11 0.59Mar 8.21 2.28 0.19 12.46 3.46 0.49Apr 7.42 2.06 0.18 15.48 4.30 0.61May 7.90 2.19 0.19 9.67 2.69 0.38
Dish @ 14.25% kWh/ m2
PV@ 8.55% kWh/ m2Mon
Remark: Data from year 2003– 2004Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Figure 15. Solar Dish VS Solar Cell with same collector area
PV
Solar Dish
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Month
kW/m
2
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Total energy capture by PV and Solar Dish
PV Solar Dish
kWh/ m2 kW kWh/ m2 kW
Jun 0.21 126 0.50 150
Jul 0.20 120 0.41 123
Aug 0.23 138 0.35 105
Sep 0.22 132 0.27 81
Oct 0.17 102 0.47 141
Nov 0.15 90 0.63 189
Dec 0.12 72 0.70 210
Jan 0.14 84 0.53 159
Feb 0.16 96 0.59 177
Mar 0.19 114 0.49 147
Apr 0.18 108 0.61 183
May 0.19 114 0.38 114
Average 108 148.25
Battery 60 % 180 247.08
Month
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Figure 16. Total Energy Capture by PV and Solar Dish
PV
Solar Dish
050
100150200250300350
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Month
Kw
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The comparison between Solar dish with solar cell in Thailand.
Descriptions Solar Dish Solar Cell
Technology 90% made in Thailand Imported high technology, not ready to make in Thailand, Only assembly.
Production energy Electric Electric
Stand Alone Unit Large Small
Energy receiver Direct Diffuse
Method of conversion Concentration Non-Concentration
Pollution None None
Electricity A.C. D.C
Inverter None Needed
Construction Cost Normal Very High
Operation Medium Easy
Maintenance Cost Low High
B/ kWh 2.62 4.89
Source: AREF, Thailand, March 2005.
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Summary
1. Siam Solar Dish System (SSDS) was designed to meet Thailand weather environment, such as humidity, solar insolation, soft-land and wind load.2. The construction cost, maintenance cost, interest rate, inflation rate, operating cost, used in the calculation work in the research project.3. Design Target Characteristics of Siam Solar Dish show peak efficiency 20 % at maximum insolation 1000 w/m2 and min 200 w/m2. As Thailand has poor insolation level, the engine can be started at 250 w/m2 to 555 w/m2, actual power output varying from 2.8 to 8.2 kW. Actual efficiency of this engine is 14.5 %.
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Solar Dish Drawing
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Pictures
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Questions / AnswersQuestions / Answers
Thank You
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