Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students

8/11/2019 Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/anabolic-steroid-use-among-students 1/2

B r J S p

Med 1 9 9 3 ;

2 7 ( 3 )

Anabolic

s t e r o i d

s t u d e n t s a t

B r i t i s h

college

t e c h n o l o g y

J W i l l i a m s o n

MRCPsych

O x f o r d

U n i v e r s i t y

D e p a r t m e n t

P s y c h i a t r y ,

P s y c h o p h a r m a c o l o g y

R e s e a r c h

U n i t ,

L i t t l e m o r e

H o s p i t a l , O x f o r d ,

d e t e r m i n e

t h e r a t e

c u r r e n t

p r e v i o u s

u s e o f

a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s

s t u d e n t s a t a

c o l l e g e

t e c h n o l o g y ,

q u e s t i o n n a i r e

s u r v e y

s t u d e n t s

w a s c o n d u c t e d . T h e

b e g a n

w i t h a

g e n e r a l

s e c t i o n

f o r a l l

s t u d e n t s ,

w h i c h e n d e d w i t h

q u e s t i o n H a v e

e v e r

u s e d

a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s ? .

f u r t h e r

s e c t i o n

s p e c i f i c a l l y

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

u s e r s

e x a m i n e d

p a t t e r n s

u s e ,

a n d how

c e r t a i n

c i r c u m s t a n c e s

m i g h t

a f f e c t

t h e i n d i v i d u a l s d e c i s i o n

t o u s e

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s .

r e s p o n s e

t o t h e

T h e o v e r a l l r a t e

o f c u r r e n t

p r e v i o u s

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s

was 2 . 8

( 4 . 4

m a l e s ,

f e m a l e s ) .

t h e s e ,

f i r s t

u s e d

a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s a t

l e s s .

A n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

u s e r s

w e r e more

l i k e l y

t o b e

m a l e ,

u n d e r

y e a r s

a g e ,

p a r t i c i p a t i n g

b o d y b u i l d i n g ,

w e i g h t - l i f t i n g

r u g b y .

r e s u l t s

o f t h i s

s u r v e y ,

c o n f i r m e d

o t h e r

g r o u p s

y o u n g

p e o p l e ,

w o u l d

s u g g e s t

t h a t

u s e o f a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s

w i d e s p r e a d

K e y w o r d s : A n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s ,

d r u g

u s e ,

s t u d e n t s

u s e o f

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s

c a r r i e s t h e r i s k

o f s e r i o u s

p h y s i c a l

p s y c h o l o g i c a l

c o n s e q u e n c e s 1

D e s p i t e

t h i s ,

t h e y

c o m m o n l y

u s e d

b y t o p

c l a s s

a m a t e u r

a t h l e t e s a n d

p r o f e s s i o n a l

s p o r t s m e n

s p o r t s -

w o m e n 3 . I s

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d u s e

c o n f i n e d t o

t h i s

r e l a t i v e l y

s m a l l n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s o r d o e s i t

a l s o

o c c u r o u t s i d e t h e

c o m p e t i t i v e

a r e n a ? O v e r t h e l a s t

y e a r s

a n o n - l i n e

c o m p u t e r i z e d

l i t e r a t u r e

s e a r c h

( M e d l i n e )

h a s r e v e a l e d

o n l y

A m e r i c a n

a t t e m p t s

e s t a b l i s h t h e

p r e v a l e n c e

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

o u t s i d e

c o m p e t i t i o n .

B u c k l e y

e t a l 4

c o n d u c t e d

s u r v e y

3 4 0 3

m a l e 1 2 t h

g r a d e

h i g h

s c h o o l

s t u d e n t s

f r o m

a c r o s s

U S A .

R e s p o n s e

r a t e

q u e s t i o n -

n a i r e

5 0 . 3 .

T h e r a t e o f c u r r e n t o r

p r e v i o u s

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

6 . 6 4 .

One t h i r d o f

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d u s e r s

f i r s t

u s e d

d r u g s

1 5 o r

l e s s .

W i n d s o r a n d

D u m i t r u 5

s u r v e y e d

1 0 1 0

h i g h

s c h o o l

s t u d e n t s ,

w i t h a

r e s p o n s e

r a t e o f

t h e s e

s t u d e n t s 3

( 5 . 0

m a l e s ,

f e m a l e s )

r e p o r t e d

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

u s e .

P o p e

a l . 6

A d d r e s s f o r

c o r r e s p o n d e n c e :

D r D . J

W i l l i a m s o n , R e s e a r c h

P s y c h i a t r i s t

a n d H o n o r a r y S e n i o r

R e g i s t r a r ,

O x f o r d

U n i v e r s i t y

D e p a r t m e n t

P s y c h i a t r y ,

R e s e a r c h U n i t ,

L i t t l e m o r e

H o s p i t a l , O x f o r d ,

4 X N , U K

1 9 9 3

B u t t e r w o r t h - H e i n e m a n n

0 3 0 6 - 3 6 7 4 / 9 3 / 0 3 0 2 0 0 - 0 2

s u r v e y e d

1 0 1 0 m a l e

s t u d e n t s i n

t h r e e

A m e r i c a n

c o l l e g e s

r e s p o n d e n t s

r e p o r t e d

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d u s e . T h e

q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e s p o n s e

r a t e

A l t h o u g h

s u s p e c t e d

t h a t

s i m i l a r

s i t u a t i o n

e x i s t

t h i s

c o u n t r y 7 , t h i s

t h e f i r s t

f o r m a l

s u r v e y

p r e v a l e n c e

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

B r i t i s h

c o l l e g e

s t u d e n t s .

Method

D u m f r i e s

G a l l o w a y H e a l t h

B o a r d

E t h i c s

( R e -

s e a r c h )

C o m m i t t e e

a p p r o v e d

s t u d y .

q u e s -

t i o n n a i r e

d e s i g n e d

B u c k l e y

u s e d ,

m o d i f i e d

s l i g h t l y f o r a

B r i t i s h

p o p u l a t i o n .

Q u e s t i o n -

n a i r e s w e r e

h a n d e d

o u t b y

c l a s s l e c t u r e r s

s t u d e n t s

( e x c e p t

t h o s e a t

e v e n i n g

c l a s s e s )

a t t e n d i n g

c o l l e g e

t e c h n o l o g y

d u r i n g

t h e week 2 3 - 2 7

M a r c h

1 9 9 2 . T h e

c o m p l e t e d

a n o n y m -

o u s l y . A l l

r e s p o n d e n t s c o m p l e t e d

a n i n i t i a l

s e c t i o n

w h i c h

c o m p r i s e d

q u e s t i o n s ,

l a s t

w h i c h

H a v e

e v e r u s e d

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s ? .

( A n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s w e r e

d e f i n e d

t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e

d r u g s

u s e d

some p e o p l e

i n c r e a s e

t h e i r

s t r e n g t h

s i z e , o r t o

i m p r o v e

a t h l e t i c

p e r f o r m a n c e . )

T h o s e

a n s w e r e d y e s

t o t h i s

w e r e

d i r e c t e d

f u r t h e r

s e c t i o n

e x a m i n i n g

p a t t e r n s

how c e r t a i n

c i r c u m s t a n c e s

m i g h t i n f l u e n c e

i n d i v i d u a l s d e c i -

s i o n

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s .

T h o s e who

a n s w e r e d

/ n o /

w e r e

d i r e c t e d

d i f f e r e n t

s e c t i o n

e x a m i n i n g

h e a l t h

b e h a v i o u r .

T h i s

d e s i g n was i n t e n d e d

r e s u l t

i n s i m i l a r

c o m p l e t i o n

t i m e s f o r b o t h

g r o u p s a n d

t h u s

p r e s e r v e

a n o n y m i t y . T o m e a s u r e

s i g n i f i c a n c e

d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n

g r o u p s

( Y a t e s

C o r r e c t i o n )

t e s t s

w e r e

u s e d .

R e s u l t s

a l l 6 8 7

s t u d e n t s w e r e

g i v e n

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ; 6 3 3

r e p l i e d ( a

r e s p o n s e r a t e ) .

w i d e

r a n g e

s t u d e n t s

p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e

s u r v e y ,

f r o m

t h o s e i n

a c a d e m i c

c o u r s e s l e a d i n g

a H i g h e r

N a t i o n a l

C e r t i f i c a t e , t o

t h o s e

a t t e n d i n g

p r a c t i c a l

c o u r s e s

s u c h

n u r s e r y

n u r s i n g ,

m e c h a n i c s a n d

h a i r d r e s s i n g . O f

s t u d e n t s

p a r t i c i p a t i n g ,

14 w e r e

u n d e r

y e a r s

a g e ,

47 w e r e

1 7 - 1 9 ,

w e r e 2 0

o l d e r .

C u r r e n t

p r e v i o u s

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

u s e w a s

r e p o r t e d

s t u d e n t s ,

r a t e

( 4 . 4

m a l e s , 1 . 0 o f

f e m a l e s ) .

t h e s e ,

1 0 ( 5 6 )

f i r s t

Med 1 9 9 3 ;

2 7 ( 3 )

8/11/2019 Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students

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A n a b o l i c s t e r o i d

i n B r i t i s h

c o l l e g e

s t u d e n t s :

W i l l i a m s o n

u s e d

a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s

l e s s

1 4 ( 7 8 )

a t a g e

l e s s . C u r r e n t

u s e was

r e p o r t e d b y

9 ( 5 0 )

s t u d e n t s ;

1 6 ( 8 8 )

u s e d t h e

d r u g s

t h r e e

m o r e c y c l e s

l e s s t h a n 9

w e e k s

d u r a t i o n ; 6 ( 3 3 )

u s e d o r a l a n d

i n j e c t a b l e

s t e r o i d s

c o n c u r r e n t l y ( a

p r a c t i c e

known a s

s t a c k i n g ) .

m o s t common

r e a s o n s

g i v e n f o r

a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d u s e

i m p r o v e

a p p e a r a n c e / p h y s i q u e

( 3 9 )

p r o v e

s p o r t i n g

p e r f o r m a n c e

( 2 2 ) .

A n a b o l i c

s t e r -

o i d s

w e r e o b t a i n e d v i a t h e b l a c k

m a r k e t

( 2 8 ) , m a i l

o r d e r

( 2 2 ) ,

h e a l t h

p r o f e s s i o n a l

( 1 7 )

o r a n

u n s p e c i f i e d

s o u r c e

( 3 3 ) .

M o s t u s e r s

s a i d

t h e y

w o u l d

s t o p t a k i n g a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s i f

p r o v e d

t h a t

t h e y

p e r m a n e n t

s t e r i l i t y

( 5 5 ) ,

i n c r e a s e d

r i s k

l i v e r

c a n c e r

( 5 6 )

i n c r e a s e d

r i s k

h e a r t a t t a c k

b e f o r e

4 0 ( 6 2 ) .

H o w e v e r ,

o n l y 34

s a i d t h a t

t h e y

w o u l d

s t o p

t h e i r

c o m p e t i t o r s w e r e

n o t u s i n g t h e m .

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

n o n - u s e r s ,

t h o s e

r e p o r t i n g

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

u s e w e r e

m o r e

l i k e l y

m a l e

v e r s u s

0 . 0 2 ) ,

u n d e r

y e a r s

v e r s u s

0 . 0 3 ) ,

p a r t i c i p a t i n g

r e g u l a r l y

s p o r t ( 9 4

v e r s u s

0 . 0 5 ) . T h e y w e r e m o r e

l i k e l y

r e p o r t t h e i r

s t r e n g t h

a s b e t t e r

t h a n

a v e r a g e

( 5 0 v e r s u s

0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .

C o m p a r e d

w i t h

n o n - u s e r s who

p a r t i c i p a t e d r e g u l a r l y

s p o r t , a n a b o -

s t e r o i d

u s e r s

w e r e

m o r e

l i k e l y

p a r t i c i p a t e i n

b o d y b u i l d i n g ( 5 0 v e r s u s

0 . 0 0 0 1 ) ,

w e i g h t -

l i f t i n g ( 4 4

v e r s u s

0 . 0 1 ) a n d

r u g b y ( 5 0

v e r s u s 5 ,

0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .

u s e r s 3 9

e s t i m a t e d

n u m b e r o f m a l e

s t u d e n t s

a t t h e

c o l l e g e

t a k e n

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s a s

m o r e t h a n

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

o n l y 8

n o n - u s e r s

0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .

D i s c u s s i o n

T h i s

s u r v e y

s u g g e s t s

t h a t

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

4 . 4 o f

m a l e s

f e m a l e s

c o l l e g e

o r h a v e

u s e d

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s .

s u r v e y o f

t h i s n a t u r e

u n d e r - r e p o r t i n g

p o s s i b i l i t y ,

w o r t h n o t i n g

t h a t

n e a r l y

t w o - t h i r d s o f

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

u s e r s

e s t i m a t e d

n u m b e r

m a l e u s e r s a t

c o l l e g e a s

c o n s i d e r a b l y

h i g h e r

t h a n

f i g u r e

o b t a i n e d i n

s u r v e y .

s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r

p r o p o r t i o n

u s e r s

c o l l e g e

w a s u n d e r

y e a r s

a g e .

T h e r e

c o u l d

l e a s t t w o

p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s

f o r t h i s .

F i r s t ,

t h e d r u g s

h a v e

o n l y

r e c e n t l y

b e e n

i n t r o d u c e d

y o u n g

p e o p l e

c o l l e g e .

S e c o n d ,

t h e d r u g s

may b e

t a k e n

m a i n l y b y

a d o l e s c e n t s who

g r o w

o u t o f

t a k i n g

t h e m

t h e i r

t w e n t i e s . A n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s

w e r e

m o s t

c o m m o n l y t a k e n

s i m p l y

w i t h t h e a i m o f

e n h a n c i n g

p h y s i c a l

a p p e a r a n c e .

H a l f

u s e r s

p a r t i c i p a t e d

r u g b y ,

s p o r t n o t

t r a d i t i o n a l l y

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d

u s e .

s u r v e y i n v o l v e d

o n l y

c o l l e g e ,

r e s u l t s may n o t

g e n e r a l i z e

t o o t h e r

c o l l e g e s .

d i s t r i b u t o r

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s

m i g h t

s u f f i c i e n t

a c c o u n t f o r

u s e r s

t h i s

s u r v e y , a l t h o u g h

r a n g e

o f s p o r t s

i n w h i c h

p a r t i c i p a t i o n was

r e p o r t e d

d o e s

s u g g e s t

t h a t

t h e y

w e r e a l l

p a r t

g r o u p .

n u m b e r s

t h i s

s u r v e y

r e l a t i v e l y

s m a l l

r e s u l t s ,

c o n f i r m e d

o t h e r

g r o u p s

y o u n g

p e o p l e ,

w o u l d

s u g g e s t

t h a t

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s

w i d e s p r e a d

t h e U K .

A n a b o l i c s t e r o i d

may s t a r t

s c h o o l ,

r e p o r t e d a t t i t u d e s

u s e r s s u g g e s t t h a t

e d u c a t i o n

s c h o o l

w i t h

r e s p e c t

t o p o t e n t i a l

d e l e t e r i o u s

e f f e c t s o f

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d

o n h e a l t h

b e a n

e f f e c t i v e

a d j u n c t

l e g i s l a t i o n .

T h i s

s t u d y w a r r a n t s

r e p l i c a t i o n ,

s h o u l d b e

r e p e a t e d

o t h e r

c o l l e g e s a n d

s c h o o l s .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k

s t a f f a n d

s t u d e n t s

o f t h e

c o l l e g e

t h e i r

c o o p e r a t i o n . I am

a l s o g r a t e f u l

D r R G .

M c C r e a d i e f o r

a d v i c e ,

M r s M .

M c C o r m i c k

f o r c l e r i c a l

a s s i s t a n c e .

R e f e r e n c e s

W i l s o n J

A n d r o g e n

a b u s e b y

a t h l e t e s . E n d o c r

R e v 1 9 8 8 ;

1 8 1 - 9 9 .

W i l l i a m s o n

P s y c h i a t r i c

e f f e c t s

a n d r o g e n i c

a n a b o l i c - a n d r o g e n i c

s t e r o i d

a b u s e i n

m e n : a b r i e f

r e v i e w

o f t h e

l i t e r a t u r e .

J o u r n a l

1 9 9 2 ; 6 : 2 0 - 6 .

H a u p t

H A , R o v e r e G D .

A n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d s :

a r e v i e w o f t h e

l i t e r a t u r e .

S p o r t s Med

1 9 8 4 ; 1 2 : 4 6 9 - 8 4 .

B u c k l e y W E ,

Y e s a l i s C E ,

F r i e d l K E ,

A n d e r s o n

WA S t r e i t A L ,

W r i g h t J E . E s t i m a t e d

p r e v a l e n c e

o f a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d u s e

m a l e

h i g h

s c h o o l

s e n i o r s . JAMA

1 9 8 8 ; 2 6 0 : 3 4 4 1 - 5 .

W i n d s o r R ,

D u m i t r u

D . P r e v a l e n c e

a n a b o l i c

s t e r o i d u s e b y

m a l e a n d

f e m a l e

a d o l e s c e n t s .

S p o r t s

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Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students

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Transcript of Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students

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