Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students
2
8/11/2019 Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/anabolic-steroid-use-among-students 1/2 Br J Sp Med 1993; 27(3) Anabolic steroid use among students at a British college of technology D. J Williamson MRCPsych Oxford University Department of Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Littlemore Hospital, Oxford, UK To determine the rate of current or previous use of anabolic steroids by students at a UK college of technology, a questionnaire survey of 687 day students was conducted. The questionnaire began with a general section for all of the students, which ended with the question Have you ever used anabolic steroids? . A further section specifically for anabolic steroid users examined patterns of use, and how certain circumstances might affect the individual s decision to use anabolic steroids. The response r t to the questionnaire was 9 2 . The overall rate of current or previous use of anabolic steroids was 2.8 (4.4 in males, 1.0 in females). Of these, 56 had first used anabolic steroids at age 15 or less. Anabolic steroid users were more likely to be male, under 17 years of age, and participating in bodybuilding, weight-lifting or rugby. The results of this survey, if confirmed in other groups of young people, would suggest that use of anabolic steroids may be widespread in the UK. Keywords: Anabolic steroids, drug use, students The use of anabolic steroids carries the risk of serious physical and psychological consequences1 2 Despite this, they are commonly used by top class amateur athletes and professional sportsmen and sports- women3. Is anabolic steroid use confined to this relatively small number of individuals or does it also occur outside the competitive arena? Over the last 12 years an on-line computerized literature search (Medline) has revealed only American attempts to establish the prevalence of anabolic steroid use outside competition. Buckley et a l 4 conducted a survey of 3403 male 12th grade high school students from across the USA. Response rate to a question- naire was 50.3 . The rate of current or previous anabolic steroid use was 6.64 . O ne third of anabolic steroid users first used the drugs at age 15 or less. Windsor and Dumitru5 surveyed 1010 high school students, with a questionnaire response rate of 8 9 . Of these students 3 (5.0 of males, 1.4 of females) reported anabolic steroid use. Pope et al.6 Address for correspondence: Dr D. J Williamson, Research Psychiatrist and Honorary Senior Registrar, Oxford University Department of Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Littlemore Hospital, Oxford, OX4 4XN, UK C) 1993 Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd 0306-3674/93/030200-02 surveyed 1010 male students in three American colleges and 2 of respondents reported anabolic steroid use. The questionnaire response rate was 3 0 . Although it is suspected that a similar situation m ay exist in this country7, this is the first formal survey of the prevalence of anabolic steroid use among British college students. Method Dumfries and Galloway Health Board Ethics (Re- search) Committee approved the study. The ques- tionnaire designed by Buckley et al 4 was used, modified slightly for a British population. Question- naires were handed out by class lecturers to all students (except those at evening classes) attending a college of technology during the week 23-27 March 1992. The questionnaire was completed anonym- ously. All respondents completed an initial section which comprised 11 questions, the last of which wa s Have you ever used anabolic steroids? . (Anabolic steroids were defined in the questionnaire as drugs used by some people to increase their strength or size, or to improve athletic performance .) Those who answered yes to this were directed to a further section examining patterns of use and how certain circumstances might influence the individual s deci- sion to use anabolic steroids. Those who answered /no/ were directed to a different section examining health behaviour. This design was intended to result in similar completion times for both groups and thus preserve anonymity. To measure the significance of differences between groups x2 (Yates Correction) tests were used. Results In all 687 students were given questionnaires; 633 replied (a 92 response rate). wide range of students participated in the survey, from those in academic courses leading to a Higher National Certificate, to those attending practical courses such as nursery nursing, mechanics and hairdressing. Of the students participating, 14 were under 17 years of age, 47 were 17-19, and 39 were 20 or older. Current or previous anabolic steroid use was reported by 18 students, a rate of 2.8 (4.4 of males, 1.0 of females). Of these, 10(56 ) had first 200 Br J Sp Med 1993; 27(3)
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Transcript of Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students
8/11/2019 Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/anabolic-steroid-use-among-students 1/2
B r J S p
Med 1 9 9 3 ;
2 7 ( 3 )
Anabolic
s t e r o i d
use
among
s t u d e n t s a t
a
B r i t i s h
college
of
t e c h n o l o g y
D .
J W i l l i a m s o n
MRCPsych
O x f o r d
U n i v e r s i t y
D e p a r t m e n t
o f
P s y c h i a t r y ,
P s y c h o p h a r m a c o l o g y
R e s e a r c h
U n i t ,
L i t t l e m o r e
H o s p i t a l , O x f o r d ,
UK
To
d e t e r m i n e
t h e r a t e
o f
c u r r e n t
o r
p r e v i o u s
u s e o f
a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s
b y
s t u d e n t s a t a
UK
c o l l e g e
o f
t e c h n o l o g y ,
a
q u e s t i o n n a i r e
s u r v e y
o f
6 8 7
d a y
s t u d e n t s
w a s c o n d u c t e d . T h e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e
b e g a n
w i t h a
g e n e r a l
s e c t i o n
f o r a l l
o f
t h e
s t u d e n t s ,
w h i c h e n d e d w i t h
t h e
q u e s t i o n H a v e
y o u
e v e r
u s e d
a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s ? .
A
f u r t h e r
s e c t i o n
s p e c i f i c a l l y
f o r
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e r s
e x a m i n e d
p a t t e r n s
o f
u s e ,
a n d how
c e r t a i n
c i r c u m s t a n c e s
m i g h t
a f f e c t
t h e i n d i v i d u a l s d e c i s i o n
t o u s e
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s .
T h e
r e s p o n s e
r t
t o t h e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e
was
9 2 .
T h e o v e r a l l r a t e
o f c u r r e n t
o r
p r e v i o u s
u s e
o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s
was 2 . 8
( 4 . 4
i n
m a l e s ,
1 . 0
i n
f e m a l e s ) .
O f
t h e s e ,
56
h a d
f i r s t
u s e d
a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s a t
a g e
1 5
o r
l e s s .
A n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e r s
w e r e more
l i k e l y
t o b e
m a l e ,
u n d e r
1 7
y e a r s
o f
a g e ,
a n d
p a r t i c i p a t i n g
i n
b o d y b u i l d i n g ,
w e i g h t - l i f t i n g
o r
r u g b y .
T h e
r e s u l t s
o f t h i s
s u r v e y ,
i f
c o n f i r m e d
i n
o t h e r
g r o u p s
o f
y o u n g
p e o p l e ,
w o u l d
s u g g e s t
t h a t
u s e o f a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s
may
b e
w i d e s p r e a d
i n
t h e
UK.
K e y w o r d s : A n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s ,
d r u g
u s e ,
s t u d e n t s
T h e
u s e o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s
c a r r i e s t h e r i s k
o f s e r i o u s
p h y s i c a l
a n d
p s y c h o l o g i c a l
c o n s e q u e n c e s 1
2
D e s p i t e
t h i s ,
t h e y
a r e
c o m m o n l y
u s e d
b y t o p
c l a s s
a m a t e u r
a t h l e t e s a n d
p r o f e s s i o n a l
s p o r t s m e n
a n d
s p o r t s -
w o m e n 3 . I s
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d u s e
c o n f i n e d t o
t h i s
r e l a t i v e l y
s m a l l n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s o r d o e s i t
a l s o
o c c u r o u t s i d e t h e
c o m p e t i t i v e
a r e n a ? O v e r t h e l a s t
1 2
y e a r s
a n o n - l i n e
c o m p u t e r i z e d
l i t e r a t u r e
s e a r c h
( M e d l i n e )
h a s r e v e a l e d
o n l y
A m e r i c a n
a t t e m p t s
t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e
p r e v a l e n c e
o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e
o u t s i d e
c o m p e t i t i o n .
B u c k l e y
e t a l 4
c o n d u c t e d
a
s u r v e y
o f
3 4 0 3
m a l e 1 2 t h
g r a d e
h i g h
s c h o o l
s t u d e n t s
f r o m
a c r o s s
t h e
U S A .
R e s p o n s e
r a t e
t o
a
q u e s t i o n -
n a i r e
was
5 0 . 3 .
T h e r a t e o f c u r r e n t o r
p r e v i o u s
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e
was
6 . 6 4 .
One t h i r d o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d u s e r s
f i r s t
u s e d
t h e
d r u g s
a t
a g e
1 5 o r
l e s s .
W i n d s o r a n d
D u m i t r u 5
s u r v e y e d
1 0 1 0
h i g h
s c h o o l
s t u d e n t s ,
w i t h a
q u e s t i o n n a i r e
r e s p o n s e
r a t e o f
8 9 .
O f
t h e s e
s t u d e n t s 3
( 5 . 0
o f
m a l e s ,
1 . 4
o f
f e m a l e s )
r e p o r t e d
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e .
P o p e
e t
a l . 6
A d d r e s s f o r
c o r r e s p o n d e n c e :
D r D . J
W i l l i a m s o n , R e s e a r c h
P s y c h i a t r i s t
a n d H o n o r a r y S e n i o r
R e g i s t r a r ,
O x f o r d
U n i v e r s i t y
D e p a r t m e n t
o f
P s y c h i a t r y ,
P s y c h o p h a r m a c o l o g y
R e s e a r c h U n i t ,
L i t t l e m o r e
H o s p i t a l , O x f o r d ,
OX4
4 X N , U K
C )
1 9 9 3
B u t t e r w o r t h - H e i n e m a n n
L t d
0 3 0 6 - 3 6 7 4 / 9 3 / 0 3 0 2 0 0 - 0 2
s u r v e y e d
1 0 1 0 m a l e
s t u d e n t s i n
t h r e e
A m e r i c a n
c o l l e g e s
a n d
2
o f
r e s p o n d e n t s
r e p o r t e d
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d u s e . T h e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e s p o n s e
r a t e
was
3 0 .
A l t h o u g h
i t
i s
s u s p e c t e d
t h a t
a
s i m i l a r
s i t u a t i o n
may
e x i s t
i n
t h i s
c o u n t r y 7 , t h i s
i s
t h e f i r s t
f o r m a l
s u r v e y
o f
t h e
p r e v a l e n c e
o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e
among
B r i t i s h
c o l l e g e
s t u d e n t s .
Method
D u m f r i e s
a n d
G a l l o w a y H e a l t h
B o a r d
E t h i c s
( R e -
s e a r c h )
C o m m i t t e e
a p p r o v e d
t h e
s t u d y .
T h e
q u e s -
t i o n n a i r e
d e s i g n e d
b y
B u c k l e y
e t
a l
4
was
u s e d ,
m o d i f i e d
s l i g h t l y f o r a
B r i t i s h
p o p u l a t i o n .
Q u e s t i o n -
n a i r e s w e r e
h a n d e d
o u t b y
c l a s s l e c t u r e r s
t o
a l l
s t u d e n t s
( e x c e p t
t h o s e a t
e v e n i n g
c l a s s e s )
a t t e n d i n g
a
c o l l e g e
o f
t e c h n o l o g y
d u r i n g
t h e week 2 3 - 2 7
M a r c h
1 9 9 2 . T h e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e
w a s
c o m p l e t e d
a n o n y m -
o u s l y . A l l
r e s p o n d e n t s c o m p l e t e d
a n i n i t i a l
s e c t i o n
w h i c h
c o m p r i s e d
1 1
q u e s t i o n s ,
t h e
l a s t
o f
w h i c h
was
H a v e
y o u
e v e r u s e d
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s ? .
( A n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s w e r e
d e f i n e d
i n
t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e
a s
d r u g s
u s e d
b y
some p e o p l e
t o
i n c r e a s e
t h e i r
s t r e n g t h
o r
s i z e , o r t o
i m p r o v e
a t h l e t i c
p e r f o r m a n c e . )
T h o s e
who
a n s w e r e d y e s
t o t h i s
w e r e
d i r e c t e d
t o a
f u r t h e r
s e c t i o n
e x a m i n i n g
p a t t e r n s
o f
u s e
a n d
how c e r t a i n
c i r c u m s t a n c e s
m i g h t i n f l u e n c e
t h e
i n d i v i d u a l s d e c i -
s i o n
t o
u s e
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s .
T h o s e who
a n s w e r e d
/ n o /
w e r e
d i r e c t e d
t o a
d i f f e r e n t
s e c t i o n
e x a m i n i n g
h e a l t h
b e h a v i o u r .
T h i s
d e s i g n was i n t e n d e d
t o
r e s u l t
i n s i m i l a r
c o m p l e t i o n
t i m e s f o r b o t h
g r o u p s a n d
t h u s
p r e s e r v e
a n o n y m i t y . T o m e a s u r e
t h e
s i g n i f i c a n c e
o f
d i f f e r e n c e s
b e t w e e n
g r o u p s
x 2
( Y a t e s
C o r r e c t i o n )
t e s t s
w e r e
u s e d .
R e s u l t s
I n
a l l 6 8 7
s t u d e n t s w e r e
g i v e n
q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ; 6 3 3
r e p l i e d ( a
92
r e s p o n s e r a t e ) .
w i d e
r a n g e
o f
s t u d e n t s
p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e
s u r v e y ,
f r o m
t h o s e i n
a c a d e m i c
c o u r s e s l e a d i n g
t o
a H i g h e r
N a t i o n a l
C e r t i f i c a t e , t o
t h o s e
a t t e n d i n g
p r a c t i c a l
c o u r s e s
s u c h
a s
n u r s e r y
n u r s i n g ,
m e c h a n i c s a n d
h a i r d r e s s i n g . O f
t h e
s t u d e n t s
p a r t i c i p a t i n g ,
14 w e r e
u n d e r
1 7
y e a r s
o f
a g e ,
47 w e r e
1 7 - 1 9 ,
a n d
39
w e r e 2 0
o r
o l d e r .
C u r r e n t
o r
p r e v i o u s
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e w a s
r e p o r t e d
b y
1 8
s t u d e n t s ,
a
r a t e
o f
2 . 8
( 4 . 4
o f
m a l e s , 1 . 0 o f
f e m a l e s ) .
O f
t h e s e ,
1 0 ( 5 6 )
h a d
f i r s t
2 0 0
B r
J S p
Med 1 9 9 3 ;
2 7 ( 3 )
8/11/2019 Anabolic Steroid Use Among Students
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A n a b o l i c s t e r o i d
u s e
i n B r i t i s h
c o l l e g e
s t u d e n t s :
D .
J
W i l l i a m s o n
u s e d
a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s
a t
a g e
1 5
o r
l e s s
a n d
1 4 ( 7 8 )
a t a g e
1 7
o r
l e s s . C u r r e n t
u s e was
r e p o r t e d b y
9 ( 5 0 )
s t u d e n t s ;
1 6 ( 8 8 )
h a d
u s e d t h e
d r u g s
f o r
t h r e e
o r
m o r e c y c l e s
o f
l e s s t h a n 9
w e e k s
d u r a t i o n ; 6 ( 3 3 )
h a d
u s e d o r a l a n d
i n j e c t a b l e
s t e r o i d s
c o n c u r r e n t l y ( a
p r a c t i c e
known a s
s t a c k i n g ) .
T h e
m o s t common
r e a s o n s
g i v e n f o r
a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d u s e
were
t o
i m p r o v e
a p p e a r a n c e / p h y s i q u e
( 3 9 )
a n d
t o
i m -
p r o v e
s p o r t i n g
p e r f o r m a n c e
( 2 2 ) .
A n a b o l i c
s t e r -
o i d s
w e r e o b t a i n e d v i a t h e b l a c k
m a r k e t
( 2 8 ) , m a i l
o r d e r
( 2 2 ) ,
a
h e a l t h
p r o f e s s i o n a l
( 1 7 )
o r a n
u n s p e c i f i e d
s o u r c e
( 3 3 ) .
M o s t u s e r s
s a i d
t h e y
w o u l d
s t o p t a k i n g a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s i f
i t
w a s
p r o v e d
t h a t
t h e y
l e d
t o
p e r m a n e n t
s t e r i l i t y
( 5 5 ) ,
a n
i n c r e a s e d
r i s k
o f
l i v e r
c a n c e r
( 5 6 )
o r
a n
i n c r e a s e d
r i s k
o f a
h e a r t a t t a c k
b e f o r e
t h e
a g e
o f
4 0 ( 6 2 ) .
H o w e v e r ,
o n l y 34
s a i d t h a t
t h e y
w o u l d
s t o p
i f
t h e i r
c o m p e t i t o r s w e r e
n o t u s i n g t h e m .
When
c o m p a r e d
w i t h
n o n - u s e r s ,
t h o s e
r e p o r t i n g
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e w e r e
m o r e
l i k e l y
t o
b e
m a l e
( 8 3
v e r s u s
5 3 ,
P
=
0 . 0 2 ) ,
u n d e r
1 7
y e a r s
o f
a g e
( 3 3
v e r s u s
1 3 ,
P
=
0 . 0 3 ) ,
a n d
p a r t i c i p a t i n g
r e g u l a r l y
i n
s p o r t ( 9 4
v e r s u s
7 0 ,
P
0 . 0 5 ) . T h e y w e r e m o r e
l i k e l y
t o
r e p o r t t h e i r
s t r e n g t h
a s b e t t e r
t h a n
a v e r a g e
( 5 0 v e r s u s
1 4 ,
P
=
0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .
C o m p a r e d
w i t h
n o n - u s e r s who
p a r t i c i p a t e d r e g u l a r l y
i n
s p o r t , a n a b o -
l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e r s
w e r e
m o r e
l i k e l y
t o
p a r t i c i p a t e i n
b o d y b u i l d i n g ( 5 0 v e r s u s
4 ,
P
<
0 . 0 0 0 1 ) ,
w e i g h t -
l i f t i n g ( 4 4
v e r s u s
1 6 ,
P <
0 . 0 1 ) a n d
r u g b y ( 5 0
v e r s u s 5 ,
P
<
0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .
O f
t h e
u s e r s 3 9
e s t i m a t e d
t h e
n u m b e r o f m a l e
s t u d e n t s
a t t h e
c o l l e g e
who
h a d
t a k e n
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s a s
m o r e t h a n
4 0
c o m p a r e d
w i t h
o n l y 8
o f
n o n - u s e r s
( P
0 . 0 0 0 1 ) .
D i s c u s s i o n
T h i s
s u r v e y
s u g g e s t s
t h a t
a p p r o x i m a t e l y
4 . 4 o f
m a l e s
a n d
1 o f
f e m a l e s
a t
t h e
c o l l e g e
u s e
o r h a v e
u s e d
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s .
I n
a
s u r v e y o f
t h i s n a t u r e
u n d e r - r e p o r t i n g
i s
a
p o s s i b i l i t y ,
a n d
i t
i s
w o r t h n o t i n g
t h a t
n e a r l y
t w o - t h i r d s o f
t h e
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e r s
e s t i m a t e d
t h e
n u m b e r
o f
m a l e u s e r s a t
t h e
c o l l e g e a s
c o n s i d e r a b l y
h i g h e r
t h a n
t h e
f i g u r e
o b t a i n e d i n
t h e
s u r v e y .
s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r
p r o p o r t i o n
o f
u s e r s
a t
t h e
c o l l e g e
w a s u n d e r
1 7
y e a r s
o f
a g e .
T h e r e
c o u l d
b e
a t
l e a s t t w o
p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s
f o r t h i s .
F i r s t ,
t h e d r u g s
may
h a v e
o n l y
r e c e n t l y
b e e n
i n t r o d u c e d
t o
y o u n g
p e o p l e
a t
t h e
c o l l e g e .
S e c o n d ,
t h e d r u g s
may b e
t a k e n
m a i n l y b y
a d o l e s c e n t s who
g r o w
o u t o f
t a k i n g
t h e m
b y
t h e i r
t w e n t i e s . A n a b o l i c s t e r o i d s
w e r e
m o s t
c o m m o n l y t a k e n
s i m p l y
w i t h t h e a i m o f
e n h a n c i n g
p h y s i c a l
a p p e a r a n c e .
H a l f
o f
t h e
u s e r s
p a r t i c i p a t e d
i n
r u g b y ,
a
s p o r t n o t
t r a d i t i o n a l l y
a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h
a n a b o l i c s t e r o i d
u s e .
T h e
s u r v e y i n v o l v e d
o n l y
o n e
c o l l e g e ,
a n d
t h e
r e s u l t s may n o t
g e n e r a l i z e
t o o t h e r
c o l l e g e s .
One
d i s t r i b u t o r
o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s
m i g h t
b e
s u f f i c i e n t
t o
a c c o u n t f o r
a l l
t h e
u s e r s
i n
t h i s
s u r v e y , a l t h o u g h
t h e
r a n g e
o f s p o r t s
i n w h i c h
p a r t i c i p a t i o n was
r e p o r t e d
d o e s
n o t
s u g g e s t
t h a t
t h e y
w e r e a l l
p a r t
o f
t h e
same
g r o u p .
T h e
n u m b e r s
i n
t h i s
s u r v e y
a r e
r e l a t i v e l y
s m a l l
b u t
t h e
r e s u l t s ,
i f
c o n f i r m e d
i n
o t h e r
g r o u p s
o f
y o u n g
p e o p l e ,
w o u l d
s u g g e s t
t h a t
u s e
o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s
may
b e
w i d e s p r e a d
i n
t h e U K .
A n a b o l i c s t e r o i d
u s e
may s t a r t
a t
s c h o o l ,
a n d
t h e
r e p o r t e d a t t i t u d e s
o f
u s e r s s u g g e s t t h a t
e d u c a t i o n
a t
s c h o o l
a g e
w i t h
r e s p e c t
t o p o t e n t i a l
d e l e t e r i o u s
e f f e c t s o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d
u s e
o n h e a l t h
may
b e a n
e f f e c t i v e
a d j u n c t
t o
l e g i s l a t i o n .
T h i s
s t u d y w a r r a n t s
r e p l i c a t i o n ,
a n d
s h o u l d b e
r e p e a t e d
i n
o t h e r
c o l l e g e s a n d
i n
s c h o o l s .
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
I
w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k
t h e
s t a f f a n d
s t u d e n t s
o f t h e
c o l l e g e
f o r
t h e i r
c o o p e r a t i o n . I am
a l s o g r a t e f u l
t o
D r R G .
M c C r e a d i e f o r
a d v i c e ,
a n d
M r s M .
M c C o r m i c k
f o r c l e r i c a l
a s s i s t a n c e .
R e f e r e n c e s
1
W i l s o n J
A n d r o g e n
a b u s e b y
a t h l e t e s . E n d o c r
R e v 1 9 8 8 ;
9 :
1 8 1 - 9 9 .
2
W i l l i a m s o n
D J ,
Young
A H .
P s y c h i a t r i c
e f f e c t s
o f
a n d r o g e n i c
a n d
a n a b o l i c - a n d r o g e n i c
s t e r o i d
a b u s e i n
m e n : a b r i e f
r e v i e w
o f t h e
l i t e r a t u r e .
J o u r n a l
o f
P s y c h o p h a r m a c o l o g y
1 9 9 2 ; 6 : 2 0 - 6 .
3
H a u p t
H A , R o v e r e G D .
A n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s :
a r e v i e w o f t h e
l i t e r a t u r e .
m
J
S p o r t s Med
1 9 8 4 ; 1 2 : 4 6 9 - 8 4 .
4
B u c k l e y W E ,
Y e s a l i s C E ,
F r i e d l K E ,
A n d e r s o n
WA S t r e i t A L ,
W r i g h t J E . E s t i m a t e d
p r e v a l e n c e
o f a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d u s e
among
m a l e
h i g h
s c h o o l
s e n i o r s . JAMA
1 9 8 8 ; 2 6 0 : 3 4 4 1 - 5 .
5
W i n d s o r R ,
D u m i t r u
D . P r e v a l e n c e
o f
a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d u s e b y
m a l e a n d
f e m a l e
a d o l e s c e n t s .
Med
S c i
S p o r t s
E x e r c 1 9 8 9 ; 2 1 :
4 9 4 - 7 .
6
P o p e H G ,
K a t z
D L ,
Champoux R
A n a b o l i c - a n d r o g e n i c
s t e r o i d
u s e
among
1 0 1 0
c o l l e g e
m e n .
P h y s S p o r t s m e d
1 9 8 8 ;
1 6 :
7 5 - 8 1 .
7
P a t e
R ,
T e m p l e
D J .
T h e u s e
o f a n a b o l i c
s t e r o i d s
i n
W a l e s .
Crown
O f f i c e s ,
C a r d i f f ,
U K :
W e l s h
C o m m i t t e e
o n D r u g
M i s u s e
( R e p o r t ) ,
1 9 9 2 .
B r
J
S p Med
1 9 9 3 ;
2 7 ( 3 )
2 0 1
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