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Doctoral Track and Conference
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, CULTURE, FINANCE AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF ENTREPRENEURIALINTENTIONS
Lars Kolvereid*, Tatiana Iakovleva**, Jill Kickul***
* Bod Graduate School of Business, lars.kolvereid@hibo.no
** Nordland Research Institute, Bode, Norway, Iakovleva@nforsk.no
*** Professor, Director Stewart Satter Program in Social Entrepreneurship, NYU Stern School of Business
kickuljr@muohio.edu
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AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS
Lars Kolvereid, Tatiana Iakovleva, Jill KickulDirector, Stewart Satter Program in
Social EntrepreneurshipNYU Stern School of Business
Acknowledgments:Dr. Bjrn Willy mo, Bode Graduate School of Business (Norway) ;
Dr. Anatoliy Steshin, Baltic State Technical University, St. Petersburg(Russia);
Administration of the Helsinki School of Economics (Finland).
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Insert Larger Model for Future Research
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Entrepreneurial Intentions Research
Guided By:
(1) Shapero & Sokols (1982) model of
the entrepreneurial event (SEE);(2) Ajzens (1991) theory of plannedbehaviour (TPB)
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SEE Focus on Entrepreneurial Event:
Start-Up or Self EmploymentDesirability attractiveness of starting abusiness
Feasibility degree to which the individualfeels capable of starting a business
Propensity to act personal disposition to acton ones decisions
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TPB Behavioural Intentions
Attitudes towards the behavior degree to which theindividual has favorable or unfavorable assessments ofthe behavior in question
Subjective norm perceived social pressure to eitherperform or not perform the action
Perceived behavioral control individuals control
beliefs regarding the action in question
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Both SEE and TPB have been supported
There is a need to integrate and reduce thenumber of alternative intentions models and touse a consistent definition of entrepreneurialintent (Shook, Priem and McGee, 2003)
Previous Research - Findings
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Proposed Research Questions
(1) Are employment status choice intentions
different from or similar to intentions to start a
business?
(2) How are the independent variables from the
two intention models in question, related to
each other and to entrepreneurial intentions?
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PerceivedBehavioral
Control
Subjective
Norms
Attitude
Desirability
self-employment
Intentionsself-employment
Intentionsstart-up
Desirabilitystart-up
Feasibilityself-employment
Feasibility
start-up
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Models Specification
Desirability (se)= F ( A (se), SN (se) )Feasibility (su)= F ( SN (se), PBC (se/su) ) (1)Intentions (se)= F( D (se), F (se) )
Desirability (su)= F (A( se), SN (se) )
Feasibility (su) = F ( SN (se), PCB (se/su) ) (2)Intentions (su) = F (D (se), F (se) )
Desirability (su)= F (A( se), SN (se) )Feasibility (su) = F ( SN (se), PCB (se/su) ) (3)
Intentions (su) = F (D (su), F (su) )
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MethodData gathered from 528 business students:
317 Russian students from Baltic State Technical University226 third year students (Bachelor Business Administration)20 Master of Business administration students76 second Master of Business degreeAverage age 21,5 years, 54% females
111 Norwegian students from Bode Graduate School of BusinessThird year Bachelor Business Administration programAverage age 28 years, 45% females
100 Finnish respondents
Undergraduates, Bachelor Business Administration programAverage age 22 years, 43% females
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MeasuresAttitude toward self employment
Gundry and Welsch (2001)I would rather own my own business than earn a higher salaryemployed by someone else
Subjective normsKolvereid (1996)
My closest family think that I should pursue a career as self-employed * To what extent do you care about what yourclosest family members think as you decide on whether or notto pursue a career as self-employed
Perceived behavioral controlAjzen (2002),Tkachev and Kolvereid (1999)
If I wanted to, I could easily become self-employed /start andrun a business
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Table 2. The Test of the Initial Model
Goodness of Fit Statistics
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) =
0.35
90 Percent Confidence Interval for RMSEA = (0.33 ; 0.36)
P-Value for Test of Close Fit (RMSEA < 0.05) = 0.00
Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.75Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) = 0.52
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) = 0.39
Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.75
Relative Fit Index (RFI) = 0.52
Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) = 0.72Standardized RMR = 0.26
S i M k
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Table 3. The Test of the Re-Estimated Model
Goodness of Fit Statistics
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) =
0.17
90 Percent Confidence Interval for RMSEA = (0.15 ; 0.19)
P-Value for Test of Close Fit (RMSEA < 0.05) = 0.00Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.95
Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) = 0.89
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) = 0.42
Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.95
Relative Fit Index (RFI) = 0.88
Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) = 0.50Standardized RMR = 0.18
S i t M k t
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Results
Desirability (se) = 0,57 A (se) + 0,35 SN (se)Feasibility (se) = 0,38 SN (se) + 0,46 PBC (se/su)Intentions (se) = 0,45 D (se) + 0,43 PBC (se/su)
Desirability (su) = 0,16 A (se) + 0,3011 SN (se)Feasibility (su) = 0,14 SN (se) + 0,14 PBC (se/su)Intentions (su) = 0,20 D (su) + 0,067 F (se) + 0,019 F (su)
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Discussion
Test models of entrepreneurial intentionsMultiple and competing explanations on thedecision making process to launch a newventureRobust not only when participants from the 3countries were analysed together, but alsowhen separate analyses were carried out on
respondents from each of the three countries
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Discussion
As far as intention to become self-employed isconcerned, the TPB and SEE models can besuccessfully integrated into one modelImplications, Flash Eurobarometer
But, start-up intentionsSubjective norms not significantRole of Feasibility?