Post on 06-Oct-2020
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 1
Dr. Stephan MaiDivision M - Quantitative HydrologyDepartment M1 - Hydrometry and Hydrological SurveyGerman Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz
Seminar on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Sandoz accidentBonn, 09th November 2011
ALAMO (alarm model) –a flow time model used at the river Elbe
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 2
1. Background for operational contaminant transport modellingLegal framework
Water Framework Directive (article 11 (3) l)
Each Member State shall ensure the establishment for each river basin district, …of a programme of measures,
Each programme of measures shall include the basic measures …
Basic measures are …
any measures required to …to reduce the impact of accidental pollution incidents …including … systems to detect or give warning … and …measures to reduce the risk to aquatic ecosystems.
International warning and emergency plan for the Elbe River, IWAPE (2004)
... to refine the alarm messages described in IWAPE the results of the alarm modelElbe (ALAMO) are used … in case of accidental pollution of water bodies.
photo: River Labe near Nymburk, Czech Republic (13.01.2006)
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 3
1. Background for operational contaminant transport modellingOrganisational framework / alerting mechanism
countries along the Elbe /LabeCzech RepublikSaxony (Germany)Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)Brandenburg (Germany)Lower Saxony (Germany)Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)Hamburg (Germany)
4 warning centres at theriver Elbe / Labe inHradec Králové (L1)Dresden (E1)Magdeburg (E2)Hamburg (E3)
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 4
1. Background for operational contaminant transport modellingOrganisational framework / alerting mechanism
d
-250 km
-150 km
-50 km
50 km
150 km
250 km
350 km
450 km
550 km
~ -250 km~ -150 km~ -100 km
~50 km~150 km
~350 km~450 km~550 km
~250 km
characteristics ofthe river Elbe:
from the source to the city of Usti nad Labemregulated river (by weirs)
downstream Usti nad Labemfree flowing riverregulation by groynes
Usage of water of the river Elbe:
abstraction of drinking water(water barrage / bank filtration)abstraction of process waterhydropowertransportation / traffic
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 5
2. Requirements for operational contaminant transport models
ALAMO - demandssimple model (user friendly)
applicability on PC
low run-time requirements (< 1 min)
ALAMO - realisation1-dimensional numerical model
empirical approach to model the longitudinal und latitudinal mixing of contaminants in the river
Needscalibration of model parameters describing mixing processes
Tracer experiments
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 6
3. Physical fundamentals of contaminant transport
Buhnenfelder alsStillwasserzone(nicht abflußwirksam)
Hauptstrom(abflußwirksam)
Stoffeintrag und zeitver-zögerter Stoffaustrag
Streichlinie
main streamcontributing to discharge
groyne field acting as dead water zone
boundary
retarded contaminant inflow and outflow relevant processes in:
main streamadvectiondiffusion/ dispersiondecayexchange with dead water zones
dead water zones decayexchange with main stream
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 7
3. Physical fundamentals of contaminant transport
advanced Taylor-model
processes:advection diffusion/ dispersiondecay
1.5-dimensionalapproach
exchange between main stream and dead water zones
no Transport in dead water zones
calibration needed forcoefficients DL, DS
ck)sc(DxcD
xcv
tc
S
2
2
L
−−ε
−∂∂
+∂∂
−=∂∂
K
K
( ) skscDts
s −−=∂∂
c: contaminant concentration (main stream)v: flow velocity (main stream)DL: coefficient of diffusion / dispersions: contaminant concentration (dead water zone)DS: coefficient of exchangeε: ratio of dead water zone to main streamk: coefficient of decay
equation formain stream:
equation for dead water zone:
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 8
4. Tracer experiments for the calibration of the model
overview overexperiments
realisation and measuring devices
results
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 9
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experiments
Hanisch et al. 149013016026,0200,4Elster11/10/99
Lippert et al .138011413620,0184,5Mauken06/10/04
Dostál et al. 13247625524,0-104,8Mělník26/04/99
Dostál et al. 14309113012,1-37,0Ústí30/11/97
Hanisch et al. 148010291275,84,1Schmilka29/03/01
30912528,0-249,2Němčice02/05/05
Dostál et al. 30912162,0-249,2Němčice29/11/99
Hanisch et al. 149013026526,4200,4Elster27/10/98
Hanisch et al. 148010233033,54,1Schmilka15/07/97
authorsMHQ
[m³/s]
MNQ
[m³/s]
dischargeQ
[m³/s]
mass of tracer
[kg]
river-km
[km]
location of tracer
input
date
Input of tracer
►at different locationsalong the river
►at different discharge conditions
d
Elste
rM
auke
n
Schm
ilka
Ústí
Měln
ík
Němčic
e
overview overexperiments
realisation and measuring devices
results
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 10
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experiments
measurement in the main stream
measurement at theriver bank
fluorometer – in situ
water sampling
fluorometer – ex situ
overview overexperiments
realisation and measuring devices
results
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 11
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experiments
time concentration curvesin the river Elbe (discharge Q = 150 m³/s)
characteristic parameter: ►time of travel
start of tracer transitpeak of tracer transitend of tracer transit
►maximum concentration of tracer transitin main streamat the river bank
overview overexperiments
realisation and measuring devices
results
conc
entra
tion
[m
g/m
³]
time after discharge of tracer [h]
tracer concentration at
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 12
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experiments
overview overexperiments
realisation and measuring devices
results
animated results of the model ALAMOin the river Elbe (discharge Q = 150 m³/s)
animated time interval: 7 days
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 13
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experiments
characteristics of tracer transport alongthe river Elbe (discharge Q = 150 m³/s)
characteristic parameter: ►time of travel
start of tracer transitpeak of tracer transitend of tracer transit
►maximum concentration of tracer transitin main streamat the river bank
overview overexperiments
realisation and measuring devices
results
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 14
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experimentscomparison of measurement and model
good reproduction of the time of travelof the pollutant (± 5%)good reproduction of maximum concentration of the pollutant
forecast by ALAMOmeasurement
time after discharge of tracer [h]
conc
entra
tion
[m
g/m
³]
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 15
4. Calibration of ALAMO – tracer experimentscomparison of measurement and model – separation of transport processes
advection diffusion / dispersion exchange with dead water zones
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 16
5. Verification of ALAMO – accidental river pollution
river pollution
contaminant: cyanide
location: Kolín
time: 09.01.2006
concentration: >500 µg/l
mass: > 100 kg
polluter: LZ Draslovka
first warning: 16.01.2006
problemno detailed informationon the input of the pollutants
solutionusing measurement of cyanide concentration at Schmilka
discharge of cyanideinto Labe near
Nymburk, 2006
dBu
ntha
us Schm
ilka
Kol
ín
Gee
sthac
ht
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 17
5. Verification of ALAMO – accidental river pollution
17/01/06 19/01/06 21/01/06 23/01/06 25/01/06Datum
0
10
20
30
Cya
nid-
Kon
zent
ratio
n [
µg/l]
27/01/06 29/01/06 31/01/06 02/02/06 04/02/06Datum
0
1
2
3
4
5
Cya
nid-
Konz
entra
tion
[µg
/l]
measurement (at Schmilka)
input concentration for ALAMO(at Schmilka, km 0)
+ measurement [influenced by tides] (at Bunthaus, km 609)
forecast of ALAMO(at Geesthacht, km 585)
+
backgroundconcentration
good reproduction of traveling time
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 18
6. Conclusion and Outlook
water framework directive of the EC requires early warning systems for river pollution ► ALAMO
ALAMO is part of the warning and alarming plan for the river Elbe
ALAMO is applicable for the whole river Elbe – the German part and the Czech part as well.
ALAMO is operated by four alarm control units, each responsible for a river section of about 200 km.
ALAMO gives a prognosis of the contaminant transport,i.e. time of travel, maximum concentration of the contaminant cloud
ALAMO is essential for the planning of cross-border measures against river pollution.
future development of ALAMO: inclusion of tributaries into the contaminant transport model (esp. Saale, Moldau)
ALAMO (alarm model) – a flow time model used at the river Elbe page 19
Thank you for your attentionDr. Stephan Mai (physicist, civil engineer)Quantitative Hydrology (Department M1)German Federal Institute of HydrologyAm Mainzer Tor 156068 Koblenz
phone: +49-261-1306-5322, fax: +49-261-1306-5363email: mai@bafg.dewww.bafg.de