Post on 16-Aug-2020
Airborne Wind EnergyPowerWeb webinar lecture
Roland Schmehl
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Presenter
• Associate Professor at Delft University of Technology • Co-founder of Kitepower BV• Coordinator of 2 H2020 projects (AWESCO & REACH)• AWE-responsible PI in Dutch NWO project NEON• Co-organizer of AWEC 2015, 2017 and 2019• Co-editor and editor of 2 Springer textbooks on AWE
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2013 2018
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Outline
• Fundamental working principles• Classification of concepts• Implemented technology demonstrators• Development challenges• Research challenges• Development of the sector
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Drag power:● Flying wing shaft power⇝● Shaft power electricity (ω )⇝ ↑● Electricity conductive tether⇝
Lift power:● Flying wing traction force⇝● Traction force shaft power (ω )⇝ ↓● Shaft power electricity⇝
Fundamental concepts Miles L. Loyd (1980)
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Key aspects +–
● Consumes significantly less material● Highly adjustable to wind resource● Access to high altitude wind● Increased mobility
● More complex than turbines● Requires reliable & robust control
● Depends on high-performance materials● Need to revise current regulatory framework
Image source: Skysails
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Aerospace Engineering – Open Days – 6 March 2020
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Introduction
Kitepower Enerkíte Ampyx Power Kitemill Twingtec
KPSSkysails Skypull Windswept eWindSolutions
Technology demonstrators
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Man-lifting kite train (1930)AWES classification
Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019.
Elelectricity generation
Flight operation
crosswind
rotational someAWE Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)Horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL)Multi-drone conceptsLigther-than-air concepts
~ Flexible wing concepts
Kitemill Skypull TwingTec E-Kite
EnerKíte Ampyx KPS Kiteswarms
Kitepower Kitenergy eWind Solutions
~~ KiteGen stem
SkySails Power~~
Laddermill Guangdong HAWP
tether-aligned Omnidea
Windswept
AWEsystem
with fixed GS➡
➡
➡
crosswind X-Wind loop track KiteGen carousel
~~ with moving GS➡ ➡
crosswind
rotational
Makani KiteKraft
Windlift KiteX
Bladetips Brainwhere
Altaeros Magenn
Sky WindPower on flying device➡
➡
➡
Kitewinder
➡
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Man-lifting kite train (1930)AWES classification
Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019.
Elelectricity generation
Flight operation
crosswind
rotational Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)Horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL)Multi-drone conceptsLigther-than-air concepts
~ Flexible wing concepts
Kitemill Skypull TwingTec E-Kite
EnerKíte Ampyx KPS Kiteswarms
Kitepower Kitenergy eWind Solutions
~~ KiteGen stem
SkySails Power~~
Laddermill Guangdong HAWP
tether-aligned Omnidea
someAWEWindswept
Kitewinder
AWEsystem
with fixed GS➡
➡
➡
crosswind with moving GS➡ ➡
crosswind
rotational
Makani KiteKraft
Windlift KiteX
Bladetips Brainwhere
Altaeros Magenn
Sky WindPower on flying device➡
➡
➡
X-Wind loop track KiteGen carousel
~~
➡
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Man-lifting kite train (1930)Further reading: awesco.eu/awe-explained
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Technology demonstrators
• Makani• Ampyx• Twingtec• Kitepower
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Wing7 (30 kW)California 2013
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M600 (600 kW)California 2017
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Norway 2019
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AP-2 (50 kW)Noordoostpolder 2013
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AP-3 (250 kW)Marin 2018
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2019
WIND ENERGY 2.0
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TwingTec pilot next to turbine with same power
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25 kW kite power system2012
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2012
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System components
26 TU Delft V3 25 m2 Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2
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Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2TU Delft V3 25 m2
2.55 m
2.03 m
0.974 m
0.876 m
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Automatic pumping cycles at Maasvlakte II of Rotterdam Harbor
2012
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Launch from upside-down position
• The following three videos show the same launch attempt on 2 August 2012
• The videos are taken from three different positions– GoPro video camera on the ground next to mast– GoPro video camera taped to the leading edge– Photo camera on the ground
• Weak link ruptures as result of sudden tether disengagement from mast head
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40 m2 kite2017
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100 kW ground station
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Kite park power output
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Kite development: 25 – 40 – 60 m2
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Kite development: 100 m2
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2016 Q2 Q3 Q4 2017 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q2 Q3 Q4
Quarter
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Days
Actual flight days per quarter
Cumulative flight days
Flight days
R&D landscape2018
Stanford University
AirLoom Energy
Skypoint-e
EnerKíte
SkySails Power
WindLiftUNC Charlotte
Worchester Polytechnic InstituteUniversity of Delaware
Fraunhofer IWES
AnuracChalmers University
RMIT University
Guangdong HAWP Technology
DTU-Wind
KitenergyKiteGen
Politecnico Milano
EPFLETH Zurich
TwingTec
ABB Corporate Research
TU Munich
University of Freiburg
UF Santa Catarina
University of VictoriaeWind Solutions
Makani / X
Oregon State University
University of Trento
Altaeros Energies
University of Zagreb
OmnideaUC3 Madrid
Beyond the Sea®Kitewinder
ENSTA Bretagne
University of Limerick
Kite Power Systems
Grenoble INP
KU LeuvenTU DelftKitepower
Ampyx Power
TU Berlin
Altitude Energy
KitemillECN
NLR
Skypull
KiteX
University of Applied
XsensAenarete
Sciences of Northwest Switzerland
E-Kite
Upwind
Sky WindPower
Kyushu UniversityTMIT
University of Strathclyde Windswept & Interesting
AirSeas / Airbus
KiteSwarms
academiaindustry
University of Stuttgart
University of Bonn
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Challenges
• Reliability & Safety– None of the projects has proven more than a few days of operation– Operation in kite parks
• Durability of materials– Tether and kite are critical components
• Regulations– Interference with air traffic and ground use
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VLM simulation
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CFD analysis
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Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
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CFD simulation with OpenFOAM Streamlines around the kite colored With the spanwise velocity component, computed for Re=3x106 and 12° AoA
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Relative flow measurement setup
TU Delft V3 kite
Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
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g
Effect of power
● Changes chordwise force distribution
● Powering up the wing makes wing pitch backwards
depowered
powered
Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
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Effect of power
● Wing flattens● Force increase also by area
increase
powered
depowered
Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019
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Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics
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Aerodynamics
Fluid-Structure Interaction simulation of a ram air wing section
Aeroelastic bending and torsion of a half wing supported by a bridle line
Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018
Aeroelastic model of an AWT and the tensile support system connecting it to the ground
Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018
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Kite park layout
row
wind
colu
mn
wind
column
row
Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018
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Kite park power output
1 kite
4 x 4 kites
8 x 8 kites
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
6004002000 800 1000Time [s]
Pow
er [k
W]
Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018
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Safety & reliability
400 m
70 m
2 m
20 m
Ground station
300 m
Safety zone
Ground station
50 m
Danger zone
65 m
Operational zoneOperational zone
Flight zone
Danger zone
50 m
KITEPOWERairborne wind energy
KITEPOWERairborne wind energy
Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019
(C) (A)
(B)
(D)
(E)
2012/08/02 Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019
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Kite park power output
r.schmehl@tudelft.nl twitter.com/kite_power awesco.eu
Questions?