Post on 03-Jan-2016
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture Most common
250,000 Hunters & Gatherers
Allows for…Settlement DevelopmentCivilization
AgricultureCommercial Farming
Market
Subsistence Only enough
Agriculture Origin
Carl Sauer Vegetative Planting
Not seeds / Parts of plants SE Asia
Separation / Replanting Diffusion
China, Japan, Africa, SW Asia, etc
Agriculture Origin
Andes / West Africa Physical barriers
Seed Agriculture Plants from seeds
Improvement Higher yield
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
! Quiz
Ferret!
Where does Carl Sauer believe the
first hearth of agricultural practices is located?
Quiz Ferret!
SE Asia using vegetative planting!
Quiz Ferret!
1st Revolution Agriculture / Neolithic Revolution
12,000 yearsDomestication Hunter / GathererStationary
Independent Development
Agricultural RevolutionW India
Wheat / Barley SW Asia
Barley, Wheat, Animals Sheep, Goats
Northern China Millet
S Mexico Squash / Corn
Agriculture Northern Peru
CottonSquash Bean
Industrial Revolution 2nd Agricultural
RevolutionEnclosure
Movement Land Divided Wealthier
Individuals Ownership of
Land
Industrial Revolution Social Changes
Move to cities Jobs
Improved Transportation New forms of energy
Industrial Revolution New Technologies
Horses Collars Field Drainage Irrigation Storage Understanding Soil Nutrients
Crop Rotation
Industrial RevolutionSelective Breeding
Plants and Animals
Industrial Revolution1800’s
Globalization / Industrialization Increased food supply
Agricultural Production / Fertilizers PesticidesFarming / Food production
Specialization From farm to factory
Industrialization Crops raised / processed / distributed Milk
1700’s1900’s
Agribusiness Modern Food
Production Large Corporate
farmsOwn most or all
parts of production
Seed -> Marketing and selling of produce
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Green Revolution1950’s – Present
Norman Borlaug Hybrid Seeds / Fertilizers
Maximize output Help others support populations
Mexico India
Green Revolution Wheat / Maize / Rice
Pesticides and Fertilizers
World Hunger Grain production
increased45%
Green Revolution Africa
Problems Greater inequality Inadequate resources
Green Revolution Problems
Pollution Greater use of energy
Pesticides Water Diversity in seed strands
Bio-Revolution Genetic Modification
GMO’sImprove production
Genetic Engineering Faster / larger /
Pesticides / Drought Resistance
Bio-RevolutionAnimals
Meat Milk
Bio-RevolutionSupport
Output Reduce Cost Fertilizer More food for growing world
Bio-Revolution Criticism
Crop disease Genetic Diversity More pesticides Push out small farmers
! Quiz
Ferret!
Who was the American
scientist who started the
Green Revolution?
Quiz Ferret!
Norman Borlaug!
Quiz Ferret!
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agricultural Practices Subsistence Commercial
Subsistence Agriculture Less Developed Nations
Provide for family Three Types
Shifting Intensive Subsistence Pastoralism
Subsistence AgricultureShifting Cultivation
Three Field System Rotate Fields Nutrients
Replenished Tropical Regions
Africa, Amazon River, SE Asia
Subsistence Agriculture • Thin top soil
– Nutrient Depletion • Heavy Rains
• Slash and Burn Agriculture – Clear land – Swidden – Labor intensive – Large amounts of
Land
Subsistence AgricultureSlash and Burn
Many types of seed Reduce crop failure risk
Environmental Issues Land cannot recover Cause permanent damage
Subsistence Agriculture Intensive Subsistence
Heavily populated areas Not much land China, India, SE Asia Terraced Farming
Subsistence AgricultureIntensive
Rice Rainfall
Wheat, corn, milletDouble Cropping
Multiple crops in one field
Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism
Breeding and herding Not hospitable for crops Grasslands, deserts, steppes
Sedentary Living in one place
Nomadic Roaming
Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism
Cows, Sheep, Goats, Camels Animal meat not usually for consumptions Use animals for fur, milk, and to trade
N Africa, Central / S Africa, ME, Central Asia (Mongolia)
Nomads move with cattle Cool highlands = summer Warm lowlands = winter
Transhumance
! Quiz
Ferret!
Which category of agricultural practice is most likely
found in LDC?
Quiz Ferret!
Subsistence! Quiz
Ferret!
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Commercial Agriculture For profit
Large Scale MDCCapital Intensive
Mediterranean Mixed Crop / LivestockDairyingRanchingLarge Scale Grain
Commercial Agriculture Mediterranean
Mediterranean Region Not Mediterranean
Region California, Chile, SA, S
Australia Hot, dry summers
Mild, wet winters Barley, wheat, olives,
grapes Sheep / goats
Commercial AgriculturePlantation Farming
Agricultural Estates 1 or 2 crops in high
demandCash crops
Not for immediate human consumption
Luxury items Not essentials
Money is made from high volume sales
Commercial Agriculture Europeans
Colonies Luxury items Coffee, tea, cotton, etc Climate not hospitable
Commercial Agriculture Mild / Tropical Climates Africa, LA, and Asia
Along coast Owned by overseas corporations
Commercial AgricultureMixed Crop /
Livestock Crops, Cattle,
Sheep, Goats Ducks, Chickens,
Crops grown to feed Cattle
Cattle produce fertilizer / other products
Depend on animals
Commercial Agriculture Mixed Crop / Livestock
Not dependent on weather Europe / E USA Not as much land available Crop Rotation
Commercial Agriculture Ranching
Pastoralism Lots of Land Sheep / Cattle
Meat / Wool Dry / Arid Climate
Western US, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
Commercial AgricultureRanching
Fattening Farms
! Quiz
Ferret!
What type of commercial
agriculture is practiced in
LDCs?
Quiz Ferret!
Plantation and
Mediterranean Agriculture!
Quiz Ferret!
Commercial AgricultureDairying
Milk based products Close to market
Perishable dairies Not as close
Nonperishable Dairies
Commercial AgricultureDairying
Smaller / Capital Intensive
Machines Milkshed
Produced and shipped
Transportation / technology
Move further away
Commercial AgricultureLarge Scale Grain
Production WheatGrown for
consumption US Western Europe
Cattle
Commercial Agriculture Industrial Revolution
More land / More efficient Machines
Combine Seed Drill Tiller Engine
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Farm Locations Physical
Environment Features
Soil Relief
Shape Slope / Altitude
Climate Rainfall /
Temperature
Farm Locations Political / Cultural Factors
Culture Agricultural practices Cows / Pigs / Horses
Political Governments Control Prices Loan Programs Seed Types
Farm Locations Crops
National Treasures France and Grapes Germany and Hops
Farm Locations Economic Factors
Purchase price Coffee Beans Corn Land Rent
Rent farmer pays Influence placing of farm Further away from city
Farm Locations New Technologies
Hydroponics Vertical Gardens
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Von Thunen Model used to predict
Explains agricultural land use pattern
Assumptions One city = One market place Maximum profit Equally farmable / Equally
productive 1 form of transportation
Transportation costs are fixed
Von Thunen • Two variables
– Distance from farm to market • Transportation Cost
– Cost of Land • Land Rent
• Giant Bull’s Eye– Market center– Rings – Extensive vs Intensive – Rent and Transportation Cost
Farm Location Ex:
Grain farmer Land / further away from city
Dairy farmer Land / closer to the city
Globalization European
Colonization Mercantilis
m Grow / give
/ sell
Grocery store Peripheral /
LDC
Truck Farms Tropical Countries
More Developed nations Organic Farming
Local Food MovementCSA (Community Supported Agriculture)
Back to local markets Small farmers Locally supported
Local Food MovementRegional Suppliers
Reduces pollution from trucks Food is fresh
No preservativesFewer fertilizers More expensive
More expensive methods Local Restaurant buyers
Urban Food Movement Growing food in urban areas
Learn about food supplyEat healthier Eat local
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
! Quiz
Ferret!
What are the two
important variables in
von Thunen’s model?
Quiz Ferret!
Transportation cost and land rent!
Quiz Ferret!
Human ImpactsChange nature of
farming operations Small farmers Larger corporations Cash Crop problems
Hunger and Food SupplyFood distribution / Access to food Under nutrition Famine
Hunger and Food Supply Political
Situations Civil War
Not a shortage Inability of food
to reach places Infrastructure
problem Corruption
Problem
Desertification and Soil Erosion Soil problems
Intense farming for profit Soil Erosion
Loss of top layer of soil Desertification
Expansion of Desert
Deforestation Loss of
forests Harvesting Clearing
land for plantations, ranching
Water Use As agriculture
expands more water is neededWater is used in
many waysClean water is not
always easy to come by
Government Action Debt-for-Nature
To preserve natural resources International Debts forgiven