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![Page 1: Agriculture and Rural Land Use. Agriculture Most common 250,000 Hunters & Gatherers Allows for… Settlement Development Civilization.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110211/56649f055503460f94c19ed7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture Most common
250,000 Hunters & Gatherers
Allows for…Settlement DevelopmentCivilization
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AgricultureCommercial Farming
Market
Subsistence Only enough
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Agriculture Origin
Carl Sauer Vegetative Planting
Not seeds / Parts of plants SE Asia
Separation / Replanting Diffusion
China, Japan, Africa, SW Asia, etc
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Agriculture Origin
Andes / West Africa Physical barriers
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Seed Agriculture Plants from seeds
Improvement Higher yield
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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! Quiz
Ferret!
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Where does Carl Sauer believe the
first hearth of agricultural practices is located?
Quiz Ferret!
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SE Asia using vegetative planting!
Quiz Ferret!
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1st Revolution Agriculture / Neolithic Revolution
12,000 yearsDomestication Hunter / GathererStationary
Independent Development
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Agricultural RevolutionW India
Wheat / Barley SW Asia
Barley, Wheat, Animals Sheep, Goats
Northern China Millet
S Mexico Squash / Corn
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Agriculture Northern Peru
CottonSquash Bean
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Industrial Revolution 2nd Agricultural
RevolutionEnclosure
Movement Land Divided Wealthier
Individuals Ownership of
Land
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Industrial Revolution Social Changes
Move to cities Jobs
Improved Transportation New forms of energy
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Industrial Revolution New Technologies
Horses Collars Field Drainage Irrigation Storage Understanding Soil Nutrients
Crop Rotation
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Industrial RevolutionSelective Breeding
Plants and Animals
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Industrial Revolution1800’s
Globalization / Industrialization Increased food supply
Agricultural Production / Fertilizers PesticidesFarming / Food production
Specialization From farm to factory
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Industrialization Crops raised / processed / distributed Milk
1700’s1900’s
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Agribusiness Modern Food
Production Large Corporate
farmsOwn most or all
parts of production
Seed -> Marketing and selling of produce
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Green Revolution1950’s – Present
Norman Borlaug Hybrid Seeds / Fertilizers
Maximize output Help others support populations
Mexico India
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Green Revolution Wheat / Maize / Rice
Pesticides and Fertilizers
World Hunger Grain production
increased45%
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Green Revolution Africa
Problems Greater inequality Inadequate resources
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Green Revolution Problems
Pollution Greater use of energy
Pesticides Water Diversity in seed strands
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Bio-Revolution Genetic Modification
GMO’sImprove production
Genetic Engineering Faster / larger /
Pesticides / Drought Resistance
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Bio-RevolutionAnimals
Meat Milk
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Bio-RevolutionSupport
Output Reduce Cost Fertilizer More food for growing world
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Bio-Revolution Criticism
Crop disease Genetic Diversity More pesticides Push out small farmers
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! Quiz
Ferret!
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Who was the American
scientist who started the
Green Revolution?
Quiz Ferret!
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Norman Borlaug!
Quiz Ferret!
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agricultural Practices Subsistence Commercial
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Subsistence Agriculture Less Developed Nations
Provide for family Three Types
Shifting Intensive Subsistence Pastoralism
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Subsistence AgricultureShifting Cultivation
Three Field System Rotate Fields Nutrients
Replenished Tropical Regions
Africa, Amazon River, SE Asia
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Subsistence Agriculture • Thin top soil
– Nutrient Depletion • Heavy Rains
• Slash and Burn Agriculture – Clear land – Swidden – Labor intensive – Large amounts of
Land
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Subsistence AgricultureSlash and Burn
Many types of seed Reduce crop failure risk
Environmental Issues Land cannot recover Cause permanent damage
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Subsistence Agriculture Intensive Subsistence
Heavily populated areas Not much land China, India, SE Asia Terraced Farming
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Subsistence AgricultureIntensive
Rice Rainfall
Wheat, corn, milletDouble Cropping
Multiple crops in one field
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Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism
Breeding and herding Not hospitable for crops Grasslands, deserts, steppes
Sedentary Living in one place
Nomadic Roaming
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Subsistence Agriculture Pastoralism
Cows, Sheep, Goats, Camels Animal meat not usually for consumptions Use animals for fur, milk, and to trade
N Africa, Central / S Africa, ME, Central Asia (Mongolia)
Nomads move with cattle Cool highlands = summer Warm lowlands = winter
Transhumance
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! Quiz
Ferret!
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Which category of agricultural practice is most likely
found in LDC?
Quiz Ferret!
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Subsistence! Quiz
Ferret!
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Commercial Agriculture For profit
Large Scale MDCCapital Intensive
Mediterranean Mixed Crop / LivestockDairyingRanchingLarge Scale Grain
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Commercial Agriculture Mediterranean
Mediterranean Region Not Mediterranean
Region California, Chile, SA, S
Australia Hot, dry summers
Mild, wet winters Barley, wheat, olives,
grapes Sheep / goats
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Commercial AgriculturePlantation Farming
Agricultural Estates 1 or 2 crops in high
demandCash crops
Not for immediate human consumption
Luxury items Not essentials
Money is made from high volume sales
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Commercial Agriculture Europeans
Colonies Luxury items Coffee, tea, cotton, etc Climate not hospitable
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Commercial Agriculture Mild / Tropical Climates Africa, LA, and Asia
Along coast Owned by overseas corporations
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Commercial AgricultureMixed Crop /
Livestock Crops, Cattle,
Sheep, Goats Ducks, Chickens,
Crops grown to feed Cattle
Cattle produce fertilizer / other products
Depend on animals
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Commercial Agriculture Mixed Crop / Livestock
Not dependent on weather Europe / E USA Not as much land available Crop Rotation
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Commercial Agriculture Ranching
Pastoralism Lots of Land Sheep / Cattle
Meat / Wool Dry / Arid Climate
Western US, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay
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Commercial AgricultureRanching
Fattening Farms
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! Quiz
Ferret!
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What type of commercial
agriculture is practiced in
LDCs?
Quiz Ferret!
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Plantation and
Mediterranean Agriculture!
Quiz Ferret!
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Commercial AgricultureDairying
Milk based products Close to market
Perishable dairies Not as close
Nonperishable Dairies
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Commercial AgricultureDairying
Smaller / Capital Intensive
Machines Milkshed
Produced and shipped
Transportation / technology
Move further away
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Commercial AgricultureLarge Scale Grain
Production WheatGrown for
consumption US Western Europe
Cattle
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Commercial Agriculture Industrial Revolution
More land / More efficient Machines
Combine Seed Drill Tiller Engine
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Farm Locations Physical
Environment Features
Soil Relief
Shape Slope / Altitude
Climate Rainfall /
Temperature
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Farm Locations Political / Cultural Factors
Culture Agricultural practices Cows / Pigs / Horses
Political Governments Control Prices Loan Programs Seed Types
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Farm Locations Crops
National Treasures France and Grapes Germany and Hops
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Farm Locations Economic Factors
Purchase price Coffee Beans Corn Land Rent
Rent farmer pays Influence placing of farm Further away from city
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Farm Locations New Technologies
Hydroponics Vertical Gardens
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Von Thunen Model used to predict
Explains agricultural land use pattern
Assumptions One city = One market place Maximum profit Equally farmable / Equally
productive 1 form of transportation
Transportation costs are fixed
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Von Thunen • Two variables
– Distance from farm to market • Transportation Cost
– Cost of Land • Land Rent
• Giant Bull’s Eye– Market center– Rings – Extensive vs Intensive – Rent and Transportation Cost
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Farm Location Ex:
Grain farmer Land / further away from city
Dairy farmer Land / closer to the city
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Globalization European
Colonization Mercantilis
m Grow / give
/ sell
Grocery store Peripheral /
LDC
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Truck Farms Tropical Countries
More Developed nations Organic Farming
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Local Food MovementCSA (Community Supported Agriculture)
Back to local markets Small farmers Locally supported
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Local Food MovementRegional Suppliers
Reduces pollution from trucks Food is fresh
No preservativesFewer fertilizers More expensive
More expensive methods Local Restaurant buyers
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Urban Food Movement Growing food in urban areas
Learn about food supplyEat healthier Eat local
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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! Quiz
Ferret!
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What are the two
important variables in
von Thunen’s model?
Quiz Ferret!
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Transportation cost and land rent!
Quiz Ferret!
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Human ImpactsChange nature of
farming operations Small farmers Larger corporations Cash Crop problems
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Hunger and Food SupplyFood distribution / Access to food Under nutrition Famine
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Hunger and Food Supply Political
Situations Civil War
Not a shortage Inability of food
to reach places Infrastructure
problem Corruption
Problem
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Desertification and Soil Erosion Soil problems
Intense farming for profit Soil Erosion
Loss of top layer of soil Desertification
Expansion of Desert
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Deforestation Loss of
forests Harvesting Clearing
land for plantations, ranching
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Water Use As agriculture
expands more water is neededWater is used in
many waysClean water is not
always easy to come by
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Government Action Debt-for-Nature
To preserve natural resources International Debts forgiven