Agrarization of migrant labor, rururbanization and internal mobility in times of crisis:

a comparative analysis between Italy and Spain

International Seminar Human capital, wage labour and innovation in rural areas

23-24 October 2015

Alessandra Corrado a.corrado@unical.it

Francesco Carusofracaruso@unical.it

• RurubanizationRurubanization

• movement from urbanized centers to rural,semi-rural peripheries or in periurban areas, close to agricultural production (and settlement in)

• agrarization of migrant labor agrarization of migrant labor

• progressive entrance or emersion process of foreign work in the agri-food sector

• Spain: – Instituto Nacional Estadistico (INE) –l’Encuesta de

Variaciones residenciales – Observatorio Mercado Trabajo (OMT) y Observatorio

Permanente de la Inmigración (OPI), 2008-2013• Italy:

– Istituto Statistico Nazionale (ISTAT) – Istituto Nazionale di Economia Agraria (INEA),

rapporti sul mercato lavoro e gli immigrati, 2008- 2013

Methodology

• Growth:– Spain: from 360.655 (0,91% of tot pop) in

1991 to 5.598.691 in 2009 (12,2%)– Italy: from 356.159 (0,7%) in 1991 to

4.922.085 in 2009 (8,1%)

Mediterranean model of migration

1) immigration started in all countries in the same period (the 1980ties).

2) they receive immigrants from many, also very distant, places.

3) there is a high presence of female immigrant.

4) immigrants have found occupation in the service sector, in agricolture and not so often in industry.

Immigration trands: Italy

2008 2013

New arrivals 534.712 307.454emigration 65.196 125.735Unemployed rate 6.4% 12,5%Unemployed inmigrant 8,5% 17,7%

2008 2013

New arrivals 599.074 280.772

emigration 288.432 532.303

Unemployed rate 8,9% 25,1%

Unemployed inmigrant 12,6% 39,1%

Immigration trands: Spain

Overturning balance migration

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Agrarization of migrant's work: Italy

2007 2013

ITALIA 182.814 273.858SICILIA 7.700 39.920BASILICATA 2.170 8.581

CALABRIA 9.350 14.950

PUGLIA 26.469 42.243

Agrarization of migrant's work: Spain

Rururbanization: cases studies

HUELVA

2007 2014

Moguer 2.905 (15.2%)

5.540 (26.1%)

Huelva 5.707(6,8%)

7.215(8,1%)

ALMERIA

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2000 2014

El Ejido 4.317 (8.2%)

27.066 (29.1%)

Almerìa 18.484(9,6%)

19.375(9.8%)

CALABRIACALABRIACALABRIA

CALABRIASALERNO