Advanced Writing Rules

You Should Already Know

1. Where Commas Belong

1. Where Commas Belonga. In a list

John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.

John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.b. Separating extra information

Before school started, I ate breakfast at home.

John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.b. Separating extra information

Before school started, I ate breakfast at home.c. Joining two sentences

I love ice cream, but she loves cake.

You Should Also Know

2. Parts of Speech

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsdog watercats absencehouses basisestablishment creationhaecceity fortitude

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsb. Verbs

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsb. Verbswalk frighten thinktalked stirring to crybought to change stayingto believe written avoid

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsb. Verbsc. Adjectives

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsb. Verbsc. Adjectivesblue strange expensivecold injured creepyhot forgotten crying

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsb. Verbsc. Adjectivesd. Adverbs

2. Parts of Speecha. Nounsb. Verbsc. Adjectivesd. Adverbsvery frighteningly too neverso triumphantly quietly not

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbsc. Adjectivesd. Adverbs

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs I We Myc. Adjectives Our Your Youd. Adverbs He She It

His Its HersTheir Theirs

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs f. Prepositionsc. Adjectivesd. Adverbs

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs f. Prepositionsc. Adjectives of by neard. Adverbs far from under

since before

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs f. Prepositionsc. Adjectives g. Articlesd. Adverbs

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs f. Prepositionsc. Adjectives g. Articlesd. Adverbs a an the

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs f. Prepositionsc. Adjectives g. Articlesd. Adverbs h. Conjunctions

2. Parts of Speecha. Nouns e. Pronounsb. Verbs f. Prepositionsc. Adjectives g. Articlesd. Adverbs h. Conjunctionsfor and nor but or yet sobecause when while although

One More Thing You Should Know

3. What a Sentence is

I love ice cream because it is delicious.

3. What a Sentence isN V N conj. pro V Adj.I love ice cream because it is delicious.

I know that TEST

I know that TESTI know that I love ice cream.

I know that TESTI know that I love ice cream.I know that it is delicious.

I know that TESTI know that I love ice cream.I know that because it is delicious...?

Now That THAT’s Over

Time for Advanced Writing Rules

What You Will Learn

1. Participles

What You Will Learn

1. Participles2. Participial Phrases

What You Will Learn

1. Participles2. Participial Phrases3. Active Voice

What You Will Learn

1. Participles2. Participial Phrases3. Active Voice4. Passive Voice

What You Will Learn

1. Participles2. Participial Phrases3. Active Voice4. Passive Voice5. Relative Pronouns

What You Will Learn

1. Participles2. Participial Phrases3. Active Voice4. Passive Voice5. Relative Pronouns and Clauses

1. Participles

All verbs have participles.

1. Participles

All verbs have participles.They come in two forms:

Present and Past

1. Participles

Present Participles are easy to remember.

1. Participles

Present Participles are easy to remember.They always end with –ing.

1. Participles

walking, playing, running, studying, writing

1. Participles

Past Participles aren’t as easy.

1. Participles

They can be regular or irregular.

1. Participles

If the verb is regular,it will most likely end with –ed

1. Participles

Everyday, I walk.

1. Participles

Everyday, I walk. Present

1. Participles

Everyday, I walk. PresentYesterday, I walked.

1. Participles

Everyday, I walk. PresentYesterday, I walked. Past

1. Participles

Everyday, I walk. PresentYesterday, I walked. PastThe day before, I had walked.

1. Participles

Everyday, I walk. PresentYesterday, I walked. PastThe day before, I had walked. Past Participle

1. Participles

If the verb is irregular,it will look something like this:

1. Participles

Everyday, I fly.

1. Participles

Everyday, I fly. Present

1. Participles

Everyday, I fly. PresentYesterday, I flew.

1. Participles

Everyday, I fly. PresentYesterday, I flew. Past

1. Participles

Everyday, I fly. PresentYesterday, I flew. PastThe day before, I had flown.

1. Participles

Everyday, I fly. PresentYesterday, I flew. PastThe day before, I had flown. Past Participle

1. Participles

Participles are used for a number of things:

1. Participles

Participles are used for a number of things:1. As adjectives

2. In the Perfect form3. In the Progressive form

1. Participles

1. As adjectives

1. Participles

1. As adjectives

tempered steel, flavored ice cream, iced tea,spoken word, shrunken head,

She is driven.

1. Participles

1. As adjectives (Past)

tempered steel, flavored ice cream, iced tea,spoken word, shrunken head,

She is driven.

1. Participles

1. As adjectives

crying baby, sleeping sickness, running team, flying squirrel

1. Participles

1. As adjectives (Present)

crying baby, sleeping sickness, running team, flying squirrel

1. Participles

2. In the Perfect form

1. Participles

2. In the Perfect form

I have driven. She has wanted. They have been.I had tried. She had seen. We had agreed.

1. Participles

2. In the Perfect form (ALL Past)

I have driven. She has wanted. They have been.I had tried. She had seen. We had agreed.

1. Participles

3. In the Progressive form

1. Participles

3. In the Progressive form

I am reading. She is leaving. We are studying. I was trying. She was hoping. We were planning.

1. Participles

3. In the Progressive form (ALL Present)

I am reading. She is leaving. We are studying. I was trying. She was hoping. We were planning.

2. Participial Phrases

We start with a participle.

We start with a participle.The Present participle implies that the action is

happening at the same time.

We start with a participle.The Past participle implies that the action is

being done to the subject.

Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.

Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.

PresentForgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.

Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.

PresentForgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house.

PastForgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.

PresentForgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house. This is happening at the same time.

PastForgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history.

PresentForgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to his house. This is happening at the same time.

PastForgotten by its people, the legend faded into the pages of history. This is happening to the subject.

3. Active Voice

The Active Voice is found in most sentences.

3. Active Voice

Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.

3. Active Voice

In this sentence, we have a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O).

3. Active Voice

Adv. S V OYesterday, Sarah read a novel.

In this sentence, we have a subject (S), a verb (V), and an object (O).

4. Passive Voice

The Passive Voice is different from the Active Voice in a number of ways.

4. Passive Voice

Here is the sentence from earlier.

4. Passive Voice

Here is the sentence from earlier.

4. Passive Voice

Here is the sentence from earlier. We will change it to the Passive.

4. Passive Voice

An Active sentence is in SVO order.

4. Passive Voice

An Active sentence is in SVO order.

4. Passive Voice

An Active sentence is in SVO order.A Passive sentence is in OVS order.

4. Passive Voice

Adv. O V SYesterday, a novel read Sarah.

An Active sentence is in SVO order.A Passive sentence is in OVS order.

4. Passive Voice

But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.

4. Passive Voice

But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.So we change the verb:

4. Passive Voice

Adv. O V SYesterday, a novel was read Sarah.

4. Passive Voice

Adv. O V SYesterday, a novel was read Sarah.

And we add a preposition:

4. Passive Voice

Adv. O V SYesterday, a novel was read by Sarah.

And we add a preposition:

5. Relative Pronouns

1. Who 2. Whom3. Which4. Whoever5. Whomever6. That

1. Who

1. Who is a Subject Pronoun!

1. Who is a Subject Pronoun and refers to a previous noun

1. Who Can be used for singular nouns

1. Who Can be used for singular nounsA student who reads is a good student, indeed.

…or plural nouns

…or plural nounsStudents who read are good students, indeed.

2. Whom

2. Whom is an Object pronoun and refers to a previous noun.

2. WhomCan be used for singular nouns

2. WhomCan be used for singular nounsThe professor, whom I respect, retires next year.

…or plural nouns

…or plural nounsProfessors, whom I respect, rarely retire.

3. Which

3. Which is used for inanimate nouns.

3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers to previous nouns.

The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.

The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.

The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.

4. Whoever

4. Whoever is like Who

4. Whoever is like Who, but…

Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.

Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.

Whoever is always singular.

5. Whomever

5. Whomever is like Whom

5. Whomever is like Whom, but…

Whomever does NOT refer to a previous noun.

Whomever does NOT refer to a previous noun.Whomever I told to wash dishes had better do it soon.

6. That

6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which

6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…

6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…That is “restrictive.”

The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.

The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.This means there is only one tree.

The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.

The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.This means there is only one tree.

The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.This means there are several trees (but I’m talking about a specific one).

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