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inter action

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inter action

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Learning or communicating

disabilities

dyslexia, autism, etc

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Learning or communicating

disabilities

dyslexia, autism, etc

Visual impairment

Complete or partial, and color blindness

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Learning or communicating

disabilities

dyslexia, autism, etc

Visual impairment

Complete or partial, and color blindness

Hearing impairment

Complete or partial

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Learning or communicating

disabilities

dyslexia, autism, etc

Visual impairment

Complete or partial, and color blindness

Hearing impairment

Complete or partial

Motor or dexterity impairment

e.g. paralysis

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in the context of a Learning Management System such as …

Content creator

Teacher

Student

(Administrator)

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Content interpretation

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Content creation

Content interpretation

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2 x+1

2x + 1

Grammatical

two to the power of x

plus one end exponent

two to the power of x

end exponent plus one

Prosodic

two to the power of [pause] x plus one

two to the power of x [pause] plus one

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𝟐

𝟑

𝟒 and

𝟐𝟑

𝟒

Pros

Cons

Grammatical

unambiguous

more complex

Prosodic

simple

ambiguous

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What happens with the difference between

𝟐

𝟑

𝟒 and

𝟐𝟑

𝟒

?

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“Currently there is a complete mismatch between mainstream software for mathematics and existing screen readers when it comes to multimodal presentations of formulae. In most cases formulae are printed on the screen using graphical glyphs. Hence, learning environments are basically unusable for mathematics by people with disabilities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, and any visual impairment.” Mika Seppälä, Florida State University

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screen reader

plug-in

MathML formula

• The plug-in transforms the MathML into a textual description ready for verbalisation.

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screen reader

plug-in

MathML formula

Formula • 2𝑥 + 1 = 9

MathML

• <math>

• <msup>

• <mn>2</mn>

• <mi>x</mi>

• </msup>

• <mo>+</mo>

• <mn>1</mn>

• <mo>=</mo>

• <mn>9</mn>

• </math>

Plug-in • 2 to the power of x plus 1 equal 9

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• dependance on external elements and technologies

• incompatibilities on different devices and OS

• convivial with CSS and text formatting

• The formula adapts to user parametrisation of screen

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screen reader

alternative text

image

• The alternative text is automatically generated at the moment of formula creation.

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screen reader

Alternative text

image Formula

• 2𝑥 + 1 = 9

Image •

Alternative text

• 2 to the power of x plus 1 equal 9

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• The formula is stored as an image.

• The image contains a standard tag “alternative text” with a textual description.

• In this example: “F open parentheses x close parentheses equal integral subscript a superscript b f open parentheses x close parentheses d x”

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• little conviviality with CSS and different text styles

• by enlargement of the formula, it loses quality due to extrapolation

• independence of plugins and screen reader produces a robust system

• transversally deployable in different devices and Operating Systems

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Content creator

Teacher Student

• Tools can also support the content creation process by differently able professionals

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Thanks for your attention

car les@wir is .com

twitter.com/car les_wir is

facebook.com/ wir ismath