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Account of 25/60 years of Greek Marine Research

Athens, May 2005

by André MONACOby André MONACOCEFREM - CNRS / U.Perpignan.frCEFREM - CNRS / U.Perpignan.fr

(from personal experience)

Step 1From Geomarine Science…

…< 1985

Centers of scientific interest…

-Geotectonic- geology-palaeoenvironment + oil exploration

+ non living resources+ development of coastal areas

-a semi-enclosed basin inherited from the Tethys- between two plates =>Northward drift of Africa- subduction => deep trenches, earthquakes, volcanism

Geotectonic

sel massif

gypse

-6 MY ago « Messinian crisis »Deposition of evaporites- then the Plio-Quaternary sedimentary filling

Geology

Examples of evaporites in

Algeria

Sicily

Palaeoenvironment (EasternMediterranean)

Age

ka

0

100

200

300

400

CLIMAT 18O LITHOLOGY0 -10 -20 ‰

cold warm

Tephra

T

T

Sapropel

S

SS

S

(Schackelton & Emiliani, 1974 ; Keller et al., 1978)

Sedimentary record ofthe last 500 000 years!

3500 Minoeantephra

Atlantide?

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The Santorini eruption

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-Origin of the last téphra, volcanic ashes-End of the minoean civilization3500 ans year ago = minoean tephra

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Physiographical & monodisciplinary investigationsof the Mediterranean Basin

==> Greek scientist? An observer!

Step 1 =

to Interdisciplinary research …steps towards European collaboration…

« Eurecomarge » supported by

- C I E S M (Monaco)- « Action de Stimulation », supported by E. C.- Bi - lateral collaborations

Step 2

1985 - 1993

EURECOMARGE

SPAIN

FRANCE

GREECEITALY

SWITZERLAND

ALGERIA

Links with

Vertex programmeNE Pacific

SEEP programmeMid-Atlantic BightLamont Doherty N.Y.

Ecosystems of coastal zones

To Origin and fate of the matter and elements

0

500

1000

1500

2000

dept

h (m

)

The system become living

From sediment record

- An euro-mediterranean group set up, promoting interdisciplinaryResearch in marine science

- First International workshop on biogeochemical fluxes

==> Greek marine research emerges : IROH =>NCMR 1985 R/V Aegaeo 1985

Step 2 =

May 1987

The Odyssey 1 : Greek vessel moves westward

to Integrated Approach of a RegionalSea, within the frame of the EuropeanMarine Research (MAST programme)

==> The MTP II - MATER programme(1996-1999)

==> The MTP I - pilot phase (1993-1996)

+ METROMED, INTERPOL…

Step 3

1993 - 2000

The Mediterranean Sea, Test Zone of Global and Anthropogenic Changes

3 interrelated domains : physics, biology, geochemistry

Researches on Bio-geo-chemistry and Ecosystem Analysis

Large scale Oceanic circulation

(after Pinardi,1997)

Biological production & bio-geo-chemical cycles

« an oligotrophic body »

12,8012,7512,7012,6512,6038,4638,4538,4438,4338,4238,4138,4038,39196019501970198019902000= 0,13°C= 0,04 PSUS°CPSUAnnée

TemperatureTemperature

SalinitySalinity

(D’après Bethoux, 1995)(D’après Bethoux, 1995)

Is the Mediterranean changing ?

Temperature & Salinity increase !

Sea Level ?

Global Mean Sea Level VariationsMediterranean Sea Level Variations

==> Sea level rises !

TOPEX-POSEIDON Altimeter

Year 020°E25°E30°EYear 420°E25°E30°E40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°N40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°N40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°N40°N38°N36°N34°N32°N30°NYear 220°E25°E30°EYear 720°E25°E30°E38.7538.838.8538.9Salinity

Water mass circulation is changing : dense water formation in the Aegean

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

10

9

8

7

6

0,48

0,40

0,35

0,30

µM

µM

Phosphate

Nitrate

Industrial, agricultural and urban activities

1965-1995 : N, P + 0,5 %/year

Nutrient concentrations increase

(after Bethoux, 1996)Human wastes at 1000 m depth

After Galgani (Ifremer)

The Mediterranean Sea registered

==> Metals and Radioactivity increase

A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms and their variability in the Mediterranean Basin

AtmosphericAtmosphericinputsinputs

Sediment-waterSediment-waterexchangesexchanges

WaterWatercirculationcirculation

=> First level ecosystem model

…Man enters the ecosystemA complex ecosystem

. Greek research contributes at allScientific Activities (field, laboratory, Modeling, data banking…

. Greek research contributes at the same scientificand technological level as other Euro-mediterranean countries

Hêurêka !

•Greek research became competitive

In the multidisciplinary approach of the functioningof the Mediterranean Sea

The Odyssey 2 : Greek vessels moved in the overall Mediterranean

- May & Dec. 1994- Transmediterranean cruise 1999

97 - R/V AEGAEO refitted

==>to assess and forecast environmental changesIn the Mediterranean & Black Seas

==> to develop the basin scale approach initiated during theMTPs, integrating the Black Sea to the overall semi-enclosedBasin system==> to integrate atmosphere and continent interfaces==> to serve the sustainable management and policy==> M & B Seas areas of European Research

and NOW?

NAO

+/- Gulfstream

outflow

Mediterranean and Black Seas in the global environment

+

-Cold front

Ocean/ atmosphere coupling

-10 0 10 20 30 40 5020

30

40

50

60

30

40

50

-10 0 10 20 30 40

SeaWifs Chlorophyll a, April 1999

Ocean/watershed coupling

Mediterranean and Black Seas in the regional environment

(Semi-enclosed basin)

Med. SeaContinent/sea areas : 2,20

Black Sea Continent/sea areas : 5,20

==> Greece has to play a major role in driving the international collaboration and in exporting now its scientific and technological experience

The Odyssey 3 : Greek vessels move in the Black and White Seas

It is the first Institute in Greece conducting multidisciplinary marine research

It raised the marine research to a priority in Greece

It has developed and participates in numerous international collaborations withEU- and non-Eu countries

It combines basic research, technological development, Data Banking, operational activities, in relation with national economy and public policy

==>Although Greek marine research began to grow in the late 1980s,it has grown exponentially during the last years

==> An explosion of development…

It put its competence at national’s disposal

To encourage the HCMR to continue its effort to secure a center of Excellence in marine research for the benefit of the European Research

Particular tributes to the Président of HCMR and to NCMR and IMBC teams for their scientific Odyssey

Sea Our Future ?