ABPL 90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING

i i th i d t i l l tiiron in the industrial revolution

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cast ironcast iron• impure: up to 4% carbon up to 10% other elements• impure: up to 4% carbon, up to 10% other elements

• poured into a mouldp

• crystalline texture

• good in compression

• poor in tension

• poor in bending

b ittl d h i t t• brittle under change in temperature

wrought iron• pure (to commercial standards)

• hammered or rolled

• fibrous texture

• good in tension• good in tension

• good in bendingg g

• subject to rust

steel(a less precise term)(a less precise term)

• pure (maximum 0.25% carbon)

• hammered or rolled

• good in tension

• good in bending

stronger than wrought iron• stronger than wrought iron

• even more subject to rusteven more subject to rust

the invention of the factorythe industrial revolution

rise of cotton spinning

centralised power sources (water steam)centralised power sources (water, steam)

5 or 6 storey buildings5 or 6 storey buildings

masonry exterior, timber interior

subject to fire

Calver Mill, between Derby and Sheffield, 1785.MUAS 16,690

Belper North Mill, by William Strutt,1803-4: sections showing the1803 4: sections, showing the

waterwheel driving shafts whichpower the looms on each floor.

Abraham Rees [ed], Cyclopaedia,or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences,and Literature (45 vols, London 1814)

MUAS 16,691

Derby Cotton MillDerby Cotton Mill by William Strutt,

1792-3plan & section

MUAS16,682

D b C ttDerby Cotton Mill by William Strutt 1792-3Strutt, 1792-3

detail of construction, 1792 b d1792, based

partly on Milford and Belper West

MUAS 13,022

Benyon Marshall & Bage Flax Mill near Shrewsbury by Charles Bage 1796Benyon, Marshall & Bage Flax Mill, near Shrewsbury, by Charles Bage, 1796the first complete iron frame

Carol Gayle & Margot Gayle, 'The Emergence of Cast-Iron Architecture in the United States:Defining the Role of James Bogardus', APT Bulletin, XXIX, 2 (1998), p 5

Salford Mill, for the Salford Twist Co,by Boulton & Watt 1799-1801: part-plan and sectionsby Boulton & Watt, 1799-1801: part-plan and sections

Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), pp 190-1

deflected shape of thebeam at Salford

skewbacks and flangesbeam sections atShrewsbury 1796

bending moment of the beam at Salford,showing tension inShrewsbury, 1796

Salford, preliminary, 1799Salford, as built, 1800

showing tension inthe top flange

MUAS 12,553

the evolution of beam designbeam design 1792-1804

MUAS 13,024

sections of cast iron beamsbeams,1801-1837

Phili & L b B lt &• Philips & Lee by Boulton & Watt[1799-] 1801

• Benyon's mill, by J Farey,Benyon s mill, by J Farey, 1816.

• Thomas Tredgold, 1824• Mill in Bradford, Fairbairn,

18271827• 'Ideal' by Eaton Hodgkinson,

1830.• No 70 Old St EC1 1837No 70, Old St, EC1, 1837

Newcomen Society, Transactions,1940-1,reproduced in C D Elliott,Technics and Architecture(Cambridge(Cambridge[Massachusetts] 1992), p 72

Fireproof floor of cast iron beams, brick arch and concrete fill,by William Fairbairn, 1854

William Fairbairn, On the Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Building Purposes(London 1854), p 133

iron rib bridges

Inverary, project, 1774Inverary, project, 1774

C lb kd l 1775 9Coalbrookdale 1775-9

design for Inverary Bridge, by Robert Mylne, 1774Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 190

Cast iron pulpit at Bradleyby John Wilkinson c 1790by John Wilkinson, c 1790

Architectural Review, CVI(November 1949), p 333

designs by T FPritchard1773-5

bridge at Stourport.b dge at Stou po t

bridge on a castiron centre.

bridge betweenMadely & Brosely(ie Coalbrookdale)

Ted Ruddock, Arch Bridges ed uddoc , c dgesand their Builders 1735-1835

(Cambridge 1979), p 139

Pritchard’sPritchard s design for

Coalbookdale, comparedcompared

with the timber prototype.

Pritchard’s iron centering for a stone bridgeshowing (incidentally) the use of circularshowing (incidentally) the use of circular

openings in the spandrels

Coalbrookdale Bridge

d i d bas designed byAbraham Darby

constructedconstructed 1775-9

Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 134

Pritchard’sPritchard searlier design

Coalbrookdale Bridge, Rooker's painting of 1788Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, The Iron Bridge, cover

Coalbrookdale Bridge

viewsWarwick Sheffield

Coalbrookdale Bridgedetails of the ironworkdetails of the ironwork

Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust slide T11

R J Mainstone, Developments inStructural Form (Cambridge[Massachusetts] 1975) p 5[Massachusetts] 1975), p 5

the compression arch

project for building an iron bridge of one arch from 120 to 600French feet span, by Vincent de Maupetit [or Montpetit)], 1779

Repertory of Arts, XX (1812), p 351: presumably from Vincent de Montpetit,Prospectus d'un Pont de Fer d'une seule arche. Proposé depuis vingt toites jusqu'a cent d'ouverture,

pour être jeté sur une grande rivière: présenté au Roi le 5 Mai 1783 (Paris, chez l'auteur, 1783)

iron voussoir bridges

Paine's proposed iron bridge for Sunderlandp p g

bridge at Stanford Court, Worcs, by John Nash (1795)-1796

S d l d B id b R l d B d 1790 1796Sunderland Bridge, by Rowland Burdon, 1790-1796

Austerlitz Bridge, Paris, by M-C Lamandé, 1806

Paine's iron bridge for Sunderland,as drawn by John Soane, 1791

Ruddock, Arch Bridges, pp 136-7

bridge over the Teme at Stanford Court, Worcestershire,g , ,by John Nash (1795)-1796

Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 141

Sunderland Bridge, 1790-6

view duringview during erection

framing as shown inshown inthe patent

specificationp

R dd k A h B idRuddock, Arch Bridges,pp 139, 140

Sunderland BridgeSunderland Bridgeisometric section

Charles Tomlinson [ed],Cyclopaedia of Useful Artsand Manufactures (in parts,London, no date, c 1851-4),

sv Bridge.

S d l d B idSunderland BridgeGiedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 169

Austerlitz Bridge Paris by M-C Lamandé 1806 detailAusterlitz Bridge, Paris, by M-C Lamandé, 1806, detailMandé-Corneille Lamandé, Pont de l'École Militaire, construit sur la Seine,

à Paris en face du Champ de Mars

iron box aqueducts

design by Robert Fulton, 1796g y

Longden Aqueduct, by Thomas Telford, 1795Longden Aqueduct, by Thomas Telford, 1795

Cast iron aqueduct designed by Robert Fulton, 1796

Architectural Review, CVI, 631 (July 1949), p 17

Aqueduct of the Shrewsbury Canal, over the Tern near Longden,by Thomas Telford, 1795, view from the south

Miles Lewis

Longden Aqueduct

south sidetop viewMiles LewisMiles Lewis

EngravingStuart Smith, A View from Iron Bridge

(Ironbridge Gorge [Shropshire]1979), p 36

Longdon Aqueduct, north sideMiles Lewis

Th T lf d’ hThomas Telford’s arches

proposal for London Bridge, 1801

Craigellachie Bridge, 1814-15

proposed bridge over the Menai Straits 1810

Telford's proposal forLondon Bridge, 1801:

view & detail

Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 188Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 156

Craigellachie Bridge, near Banff,S tl d b T lf d 1814 15Scotland, by Telford, 1814-15contemporary and modern views

Samuel Smiles, Lives of the Engineers with an accountof their Principal Works, comprising a new History of Inland

Communication in Britain (London 1862), III, p 387

Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth andHenry Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2nd ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex]

1963 [1958]), pl 59

Craigellachie Bridge, detailand diagram of ironwork

Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 163

Wellington or Liffey Bridge, Dublin, Ireland, c 1819Miles Lewis

Telford's proposed cast iron bridge over the Menai Straits WalesTelford s proposed cast iron bridge over the Menai Straits, Wales

Smiles, Lives of the Engineers, II, p 445

Telford's proposed suspended centering for constructing thecast iron bridge over the Menai Straits as proposed in 1810

Peter Nicholson, An Architectural Dictionary, containing a correct nomenclature and derivationof the terms employed by architects, builders, and workmen ... and the lives of the principalarchitects : the whole forming a complete guide to the science of architecture and the art of

building ... (London 1819), plates.

suspension bridgessuspension bridgesU i B id b C t i S l BUnion Bridge by Captain Samuel Brown,

constructed 1819-20

Menai Suspension Bridge, Wales, by Telford (1815) 1819 24(1815), 1819-24

Union Bridge, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, by Captain Samuel Brown,constructed 1819-20: prospective view prior to construction

Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, CXXXIV, 5361 (August 1986), back

Menai Suspension Bridge, Wales, by Telford (1815), 1819-24Warren Kovach 1995 http://www.anglesey-history.co.uk/places/bridges/mensno.shtml

Menai SuspensionMenai SuspensionBridge

links and detailsof connectionof connection

Hopkins, Span ofBridges, p 187

P d G d [ d]Pedro Guedes [ed],Macmillan Encyclopedia of

Architecture andTechnological Change(London 1979), p 26( ) p

Pont de Cubzac (at Cubzac-les-Ponts

Bourdeaux) by EmilBourdeaux) by Emil Martin, 1839

[destroyed 1872]

Emile Martin, Pont de ,Cubzac: Dessins et

Description des Piliers en Fonte de Fer (Schneider & L d P i 1841)& Langrand, Paris 1841),

pl II

self contained spansself-contained spans(beams, girders, tied arches, bowstrings)

G l B id ib d GGaunless Bridge, attributed to George Stephenson, 1823-4

High Level Bridge, Newcastle, by Robert St h 1845 9Stephenson, c 1845-9

B it i B id b R b t St h dBritannia Bridge, by Robert Stephenson and Francis Thompson, 1845-50

Iron railway bridge overthe Gaunless, attributedt G St hto George Stephenson,

1823-4.

D Walters & A F Seeley, 'The FirstIron Railway Bridge', Architectural

Review, CXXXIII (March 1967), p 191

Derrick Beckett, Bridges, g(London 1969), p 38

Gaunless Bridge, now in the York Railway MuseumWalters & Seeley, 'The First Iron Railway Bridge', p 190

Gaunless Bridge elevation of one spanGaunless Bridge, elevation of one span

Walters & Seeley, 'The First Iron Railway Bridge', p 191

High Level Bridge NewcastleHigh Level Bridge, Newcastle,by Robert Stephenson, c 1845-9

S il Li f th E iSmiles, Lives of the Engineers,III, frontispiece

High Level Bridge, NewcastleMiles Lewis

High Level gBridge,

Newcastle:d il fdetails of one

span

Miles Lewis

Encyclopædia Britannica,9th ed, sv Bridges

Britannia Bridge, Menai Straits,g , ,Wales, by Robert Stephenson

and Francis Thompson, 1845-50:isometric section

Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XV, 36

Britannia BridgeBritannia BridgeHenry-Russell Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture in Britain (2 vols, New York 1972 [1954]), II, XV, 34

wrought iron• pure (to commercial standards)

• hammered or rolled

• fibrous texture

• good in tension• good in tension

• good in bendingg g

• subject to rust

Britannia Bridgeg

diagrams ofdiagrams of bending moment,with and without

continuity

the process ofthe process of erection

Miles LewisBeckett, Bridges, p 38

Britannia Bridge, method of placingthe girder so as to obtain the effect of continuity

T M Charlton, A History of the Theory of Structures in the Nineteenth Century(Cambridge 1982) p 22 after E Clark Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges (London) 1850)(Cambridge 1982), p 22, after E Clark, Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges (London), 1850)

Britannia BridgeBritannia BridgeMenai Suspension Bridge

Newcastle High Level Bridgeg g

Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed, sv Bridges