ABPL 90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING - Miles Lewis
Transcript of ABPL 90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING - Miles Lewis
ABPL 90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING
i i th i d t i l l tiiron in the industrial revolution
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cast ironcast iron• impure: up to 4% carbon up to 10% other elements• impure: up to 4% carbon, up to 10% other elements
• poured into a mouldp
• crystalline texture
• good in compression
• poor in tension
• poor in bending
b ittl d h i t t• brittle under change in temperature
wrought iron• pure (to commercial standards)
• hammered or rolled
• fibrous texture
• good in tension• good in tension
• good in bendingg g
• subject to rust
steel(a less precise term)(a less precise term)
• pure (maximum 0.25% carbon)
• hammered or rolled
• good in tension
• good in bending
stronger than wrought iron• stronger than wrought iron
• even more subject to rusteven more subject to rust
the invention of the factorythe industrial revolution
rise of cotton spinning
centralised power sources (water steam)centralised power sources (water, steam)
5 or 6 storey buildings5 or 6 storey buildings
masonry exterior, timber interior
subject to fire
Calver Mill, between Derby and Sheffield, 1785.MUAS 16,690
Belper North Mill, by William Strutt,1803-4: sections showing the1803 4: sections, showing the
waterwheel driving shafts whichpower the looms on each floor.
Abraham Rees [ed], Cyclopaedia,or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences,and Literature (45 vols, London 1814)
MUAS 16,691
Derby Cotton MillDerby Cotton Mill by William Strutt,
1792-3plan & section
MUAS16,682
D b C ttDerby Cotton Mill by William Strutt 1792-3Strutt, 1792-3
detail of construction, 1792 b d1792, based
partly on Milford and Belper West
MUAS 13,022
Benyon Marshall & Bage Flax Mill near Shrewsbury by Charles Bage 1796Benyon, Marshall & Bage Flax Mill, near Shrewsbury, by Charles Bage, 1796the first complete iron frame
Carol Gayle & Margot Gayle, 'The Emergence of Cast-Iron Architecture in the United States:Defining the Role of James Bogardus', APT Bulletin, XXIX, 2 (1998), p 5
Salford Mill, for the Salford Twist Co,by Boulton & Watt 1799-1801: part-plan and sectionsby Boulton & Watt, 1799-1801: part-plan and sections
Sigfried Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture (4th ed, Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1963), pp 190-1
deflected shape of thebeam at Salford
skewbacks and flangesbeam sections atShrewsbury 1796
bending moment of the beam at Salford,showing tension inShrewsbury, 1796
Salford, preliminary, 1799Salford, as built, 1800
showing tension inthe top flange
MUAS 12,553
the evolution of beam designbeam design 1792-1804
MUAS 13,024
sections of cast iron beamsbeams,1801-1837
Phili & L b B lt &• Philips & Lee by Boulton & Watt[1799-] 1801
• Benyon's mill, by J Farey,Benyon s mill, by J Farey, 1816.
• Thomas Tredgold, 1824• Mill in Bradford, Fairbairn,
18271827• 'Ideal' by Eaton Hodgkinson,
1830.• No 70 Old St EC1 1837No 70, Old St, EC1, 1837
Newcomen Society, Transactions,1940-1,reproduced in C D Elliott,Technics and Architecture(Cambridge(Cambridge[Massachusetts] 1992), p 72
Fireproof floor of cast iron beams, brick arch and concrete fill,by William Fairbairn, 1854
William Fairbairn, On the Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Building Purposes(London 1854), p 133
iron rib bridges
Inverary, project, 1774Inverary, project, 1774
C lb kd l 1775 9Coalbrookdale 1775-9
design for Inverary Bridge, by Robert Mylne, 1774Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 190
Cast iron pulpit at Bradleyby John Wilkinson c 1790by John Wilkinson, c 1790
Architectural Review, CVI(November 1949), p 333
designs by T FPritchard1773-5
bridge at Stourport.b dge at Stou po t
bridge on a castiron centre.
bridge betweenMadely & Brosely(ie Coalbrookdale)
Ted Ruddock, Arch Bridges ed uddoc , c dgesand their Builders 1735-1835
(Cambridge 1979), p 139
Pritchard’sPritchard s design for
Coalbookdale, comparedcompared
with the timber prototype.
Pritchard’s iron centering for a stone bridgeshowing (incidentally) the use of circularshowing (incidentally) the use of circular
openings in the spandrels
Coalbrookdale Bridge
d i d bas designed byAbraham Darby
constructedconstructed 1775-9
Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 134
Pritchard’sPritchard searlier design
Coalbrookdale Bridge, Rooker's painting of 1788Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, The Iron Bridge, cover
Coalbrookdale Bridge
viewsWarwick Sheffield
Coalbrookdale Bridgedetails of the ironworkdetails of the ironwork
Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust slide T11
R J Mainstone, Developments inStructural Form (Cambridge[Massachusetts] 1975) p 5[Massachusetts] 1975), p 5
the compression arch
project for building an iron bridge of one arch from 120 to 600French feet span, by Vincent de Maupetit [or Montpetit)], 1779
Repertory of Arts, XX (1812), p 351: presumably from Vincent de Montpetit,Prospectus d'un Pont de Fer d'une seule arche. Proposé depuis vingt toites jusqu'a cent d'ouverture,
pour être jeté sur une grande rivière: présenté au Roi le 5 Mai 1783 (Paris, chez l'auteur, 1783)
iron voussoir bridges
Paine's proposed iron bridge for Sunderlandp p g
bridge at Stanford Court, Worcs, by John Nash (1795)-1796
S d l d B id b R l d B d 1790 1796Sunderland Bridge, by Rowland Burdon, 1790-1796
Austerlitz Bridge, Paris, by M-C Lamandé, 1806
Paine's iron bridge for Sunderland,as drawn by John Soane, 1791
Ruddock, Arch Bridges, pp 136-7
bridge over the Teme at Stanford Court, Worcestershire,g , ,by John Nash (1795)-1796
Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 141
Sunderland Bridge, 1790-6
view duringview during erection
framing as shown inshown inthe patent
specificationp
R dd k A h B idRuddock, Arch Bridges,pp 139, 140
Sunderland BridgeSunderland Bridgeisometric section
Charles Tomlinson [ed],Cyclopaedia of Useful Artsand Manufactures (in parts,London, no date, c 1851-4),
sv Bridge.
S d l d B idSunderland BridgeGiedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 169
Austerlitz Bridge Paris by M-C Lamandé 1806 detailAusterlitz Bridge, Paris, by M-C Lamandé, 1806, detailMandé-Corneille Lamandé, Pont de l'École Militaire, construit sur la Seine,
à Paris en face du Champ de Mars
iron box aqueducts
design by Robert Fulton, 1796g y
Longden Aqueduct, by Thomas Telford, 1795Longden Aqueduct, by Thomas Telford, 1795
Cast iron aqueduct designed by Robert Fulton, 1796
Architectural Review, CVI, 631 (July 1949), p 17
Aqueduct of the Shrewsbury Canal, over the Tern near Longden,by Thomas Telford, 1795, view from the south
Miles Lewis
Longden Aqueduct
south sidetop viewMiles LewisMiles Lewis
EngravingStuart Smith, A View from Iron Bridge
(Ironbridge Gorge [Shropshire]1979), p 36
Longdon Aqueduct, north sideMiles Lewis
Th T lf d’ hThomas Telford’s arches
proposal for London Bridge, 1801
Craigellachie Bridge, 1814-15
proposed bridge over the Menai Straits 1810
Telford's proposal forLondon Bridge, 1801:
view & detail
Giedion, Space, Time and Architecture, p 188Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 156
Craigellachie Bridge, near Banff,S tl d b T lf d 1814 15Scotland, by Telford, 1814-15contemporary and modern views
Samuel Smiles, Lives of the Engineers with an accountof their Principal Works, comprising a new History of Inland
Communication in Britain (London 1862), III, p 387
Henry-Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth andHenry Russell Hitchcock, Architecture Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (2nd ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex]
1963 [1958]), pl 59
Craigellachie Bridge, detailand diagram of ironwork
Ruddock, Arch Bridges, p 163
Wellington or Liffey Bridge, Dublin, Ireland, c 1819Miles Lewis
Telford's proposed cast iron bridge over the Menai Straits WalesTelford s proposed cast iron bridge over the Menai Straits, Wales
Smiles, Lives of the Engineers, II, p 445
Telford's proposed suspended centering for constructing thecast iron bridge over the Menai Straits as proposed in 1810
Peter Nicholson, An Architectural Dictionary, containing a correct nomenclature and derivationof the terms employed by architects, builders, and workmen ... and the lives of the principalarchitects : the whole forming a complete guide to the science of architecture and the art of
building ... (London 1819), plates.
suspension bridgessuspension bridgesU i B id b C t i S l BUnion Bridge by Captain Samuel Brown,
constructed 1819-20
Menai Suspension Bridge, Wales, by Telford (1815) 1819 24(1815), 1819-24
Union Bridge, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, by Captain Samuel Brown,constructed 1819-20: prospective view prior to construction
Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, CXXXIV, 5361 (August 1986), back
Menai Suspension Bridge, Wales, by Telford (1815), 1819-24Warren Kovach 1995 http://www.anglesey-history.co.uk/places/bridges/mensno.shtml
Menai SuspensionMenai SuspensionBridge
links and detailsof connectionof connection
Hopkins, Span ofBridges, p 187
P d G d [ d]Pedro Guedes [ed],Macmillan Encyclopedia of
Architecture andTechnological Change(London 1979), p 26( ) p
Pont de Cubzac (at Cubzac-les-Ponts
Bourdeaux) by EmilBourdeaux) by Emil Martin, 1839
[destroyed 1872]
Emile Martin, Pont de ,Cubzac: Dessins et
Description des Piliers en Fonte de Fer (Schneider & L d P i 1841)& Langrand, Paris 1841),
pl II
self contained spansself-contained spans(beams, girders, tied arches, bowstrings)
G l B id ib d GGaunless Bridge, attributed to George Stephenson, 1823-4
High Level Bridge, Newcastle, by Robert St h 1845 9Stephenson, c 1845-9
B it i B id b R b t St h dBritannia Bridge, by Robert Stephenson and Francis Thompson, 1845-50
Iron railway bridge overthe Gaunless, attributedt G St hto George Stephenson,
1823-4.
D Walters & A F Seeley, 'The FirstIron Railway Bridge', Architectural
Review, CXXXIII (March 1967), p 191
Derrick Beckett, Bridges, g(London 1969), p 38
Gaunless Bridge, now in the York Railway MuseumWalters & Seeley, 'The First Iron Railway Bridge', p 190
Gaunless Bridge elevation of one spanGaunless Bridge, elevation of one span
Walters & Seeley, 'The First Iron Railway Bridge', p 191
High Level Bridge NewcastleHigh Level Bridge, Newcastle,by Robert Stephenson, c 1845-9
S il Li f th E iSmiles, Lives of the Engineers,III, frontispiece
High Level Bridge, NewcastleMiles Lewis
High Level gBridge,
Newcastle:d il fdetails of one
span
Miles Lewis
Encyclopædia Britannica,9th ed, sv Bridges
Britannia Bridge, Menai Straits,g , ,Wales, by Robert Stephenson
and Francis Thompson, 1845-50:isometric section
Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture, II, XV, 36
Britannia BridgeBritannia BridgeHenry-Russell Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture in Britain (2 vols, New York 1972 [1954]), II, XV, 34
wrought iron• pure (to commercial standards)
• hammered or rolled
• fibrous texture
• good in tension• good in tension
• good in bendingg g
• subject to rust
Britannia Bridgeg
diagrams ofdiagrams of bending moment,with and without
continuity
the process ofthe process of erection
Miles LewisBeckett, Bridges, p 38
Britannia Bridge, method of placingthe girder so as to obtain the effect of continuity
T M Charlton, A History of the Theory of Structures in the Nineteenth Century(Cambridge 1982) p 22 after E Clark Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges (London) 1850)(Cambridge 1982), p 22, after E Clark, Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges (London), 1850)
Britannia BridgeBritannia BridgeMenai Suspension Bridge
Newcastle High Level Bridgeg g
Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed, sv Bridges